Editing Passive smoking (section)

=== Exposure and risk levels ===
The [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] of the [[World Health Organization]] concluded in 2004 that there was sufficient evidence that secondhand smoke caused cancer in humans.<ref name=IARC2004/> Those who work in environments where smoke is not regulated are at higher risk.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=A J |title=Lung cancer from passive smoking at work |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=July 1998 |volume=88 |issue=7 |pages=1025–1029 |doi=10.2105/ajph.88.7.1025 |pmid=9663148 |pmc=1508269 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17267733"/> Workers particularly at risk of exposure include those in installation repair and maintenance, construction and extraction, and transportation.<ref name=Fitzsimmons/>

Much research has come from studies of nonsmokers who are married to a smoker. The [[Surgeon General of the United States|US Surgeon General]], in his 2006 report, estimated that living or working in a place where smoking is permitted increases the non-smokers' risk of developing heart disease by 25–30% and lung cancer by 20–30%.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/|publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)|date = 2006|access-date = 2015-04-24|pmid = 20669524|series = Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General|author1 = Office on Smoking Health (US)}}</ref>

Similarly, children who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are shown to experience a range of adverse effects<ref name="PugmireSweeting2017">{{cite journal |last1=Pugmire |first1=Juliana |last2=Sweeting |first2=Helen |last3=Moore |first3=Laurence |title=Environmental tobacco smoke exposure among infants, children and young people: now is no time to relax |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=February 2017 |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=117–118 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2016-311652 |pmid=28100555 |s2cid=41806496 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="StrachanCook1997">{{cite journal |last1=Strachan |first1=D P |last2=Cook |first2=D G |title=Health effects of passive smoking. 1. Parental smoking and lower respiratory illness in infancy and early childhood |journal=Thorax |date=October 1997 |volume=52 |issue=10 |pages=905–914 |doi=10.1136/thx.52.10.905 |pmid=9404380 |pmc=1758431 }}</ref><ref name="StrachanCook1998">{{cite journal |last1=Strachan |first1=D. P. |last2=Cook |first2=D. G. |title=Health effects of passive smoking. 4. Parental smoking, middle ear disease and adenotonsillectomy in children |journal=Thorax |date=1 January 1998 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=50–56 |doi=10.1136/thx.53.1.50 |pmid=9577522 |pmc=1758689 }}</ref> and a higher risk of becoming smokers later in life.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Anna V. |last2=Glantz |first2=Stanton A. |last3=Halpern-Felsher |first3=Bonnie L. |title=Perceptions of Second-hand Smoke Risks Predict Future Adolescent Smoking Initiation |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |date=December 2009 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=618–625 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.04.022 |pmid=19931835 |pmc=2814413 }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] has identified reduction of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as key element for actions to encourage healthy child development.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-06-12|title=WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)|url=https://www.who.int/europe/teams/tobacco/who-framework-convention-on-tobacco-control-(who-fctc)|website=www.who.int}}</ref>

The US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] monitors the extent of and trends in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke by measuring serum [[cotinine]] in national health [[Survey (human research)|surveys]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsai |first1=James |last2=Homa |first2=David M. |last3=Gentzke |first3=Andrea S. |last4=Mahoney |first4=Margaret |last5=Sharapova |first5=Saida R. |last6=Sosnoff |first6=Connie S. |last7=Caron |first7=Kevin T. |last8=Wang |first8=Lanqing |last9=Melstrom |first9=Paul C. |last10=Trivers |first10=Katrina F. |title=Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Nonsmokers — United States, 1988–2014 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=7 December 2018 |volume=67 |issue=48 |pages=1342–1346 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6748a3|pmid=30521502 |pmc=6329485 }}</ref> The [[prevalence]] of secondhand smoke exposure among U.S. nonsmokers declined from 87.5% in 1988 to 25.2% in 2014. However, nearly half of [[Black people|blacks]] and the poor were exposed in 2014.