Editing Persecution of Jews (section)

== Medieval period ==
===Europe===
{{main|Antisemitism in Christianity|Christianity and Judaism|History of European Jews in the Middle Ages|History of the Jews in Europe|Racism in Europe}}
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[[File:Wormsjews.jpg|thumb|Jews from Worms, Germany wear the mandatory [[yellow badge]]. A money bag and garlic in the hands are an antisemitic [[stereotype]] (sixteenth-century drawing).]]
In the [[Middle Ages]], [[antisemitism in Europe]] was [[Religious antisemitism|religious]]. Many Christians, including members of the clergy, [[Jewish deicide|held the Jewish people collectively responsible for the killing]] of Jesus. As stated in the ''[[Boston College]] Guide to [[Passion Play]]s'', "Over the course of time, Christians began to accept … that the Jewish people as a whole were responsible for killing Jesus. According to this interpretation, both the Jews present at Jesus Christ's death and the Jewish people collectively and for all time, have committed the sin of [[Jewish deicide|deicide]], or 'god-killing'. For 1900 years of Christian-Jewish history, the charge of deicide has led to hatred, violence against and murder of Jews in Europe and [[Americas|America]]."<ref name=Paley>{{cite web |last1 = Paley |first1 = Susan |last2 = Koesters |first2 = Adrian Gibbons |title = A Viewer's Guide to Contemporary Passion Plays |publisher = [[Creighton University]] |url = http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/pdf/ViewersGuide.pdf |access-date = 2006-03-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110301033826/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/pdf/ViewersGuide.pdf |archive-date = 2011-03-01}}</ref>

During the [[High Middle Ages]] in Europe, there was full-scale persecution of Jews in many places, with [[blood libel]]s, expulsions, [[forced conversion]]s and [[wikt:massacre|massacres]]. The persecution reached its first peak during the [[Crusades]]. In the [[First Crusade]] (1096), flourishing communities on the [[Rhine River|Rhine]] and the [[Danube River|Danube]] were utterly destroyed, a prime example being the [[Rhineland massacres]].<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html |title=Why the Jews? – Black Death |publisher=Holocaustcenterpgh.net |access-date=2011-11-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429065613/http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html |archive-date=2007-04-29 }}</ref>

In the [[Second Crusade]] (1147), Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1251)|Shepherds' Crusades of 1251]] and [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|1320]]. The Crusades were followed by expulsions. [[Edict of Expulsion|All English Jews were banished]] in 1290. 100,000 Jews were expelled from France in 1396. In 1421, thousands were expelled from [[Austria]]. Many of the expelled Jews fled to [[Poland]].<ref name="auto3"/>

As the [[Black Death]] epidemics devastated Europe in the mid-14th century, annihilating more than half of the population, Jews were taken as [[scapegoat#Political/sociological scapegoating|scapegoats]]. Rumors spread that they caused the disease by deliberately [[well poisoning|poisoning wells]]. Hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed by violence in the [[Black Death persecutions]]. Although [[Pope Clement VI]] tried to protect them by [[papal bull]] on July 6, 1348 – with another following later in 1348 – several months afterwards, 900 Jews were [[Strasbourg massacre|burnt alive in Strasbourg]], where the plague hadn't yet affected the city.<ref name="Black">See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, ''La plus grande épidémie de Histoire'' ("The greatest epidemics in history"), in ''[[L'Histoire]]'' magazine, n°310, June 2006, p.47 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

One study finds that persecutions and expulsions of Jews increased with negative economic shocks and climatic variations in Europe during the period from 1100 to 1600.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100–1800|journal = The Economic Journal|volume = 127|issue = 602|date = 2015-09-01|issn = 1468-0297|pages = 924–958|doi = 10.1111/ecoj.12331|language = en|first1 = Robert Warren|last1 = Anderson|first2 = Noel D.|last2 = Johnson|first3 = Mark|last3 = Koyama|hdl = 2027.42/137319|s2cid = 4610493|hdl-access = free}}</ref> The authors of the study argue that this stems from people blaming Jews for misfortunes and weak rulers going after Jewish wealth in times of fiscal crisis. The authors propose several explanations for why Jewish persecutions significantly declined after 1600:
* 1. there were simply fewer Jewish communities to persecute by the 17th century;
* 2. improved agricultural productivity, or, better-integrated markets may have reduced vulnerability to temperature shocks;
* 3. the rise of stronger states may have led to more robust protection for religious and ethnic minorities;
* 4. there were fewer negative temperature shocks.
* 5. the impact of the Reformation and the Enlightenment may have reduced anti-semitic attitudes.<ref name=":0" />

===Muslim world===
{{main|Antisemitism in Islam|Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islamic–Jewish relations|Racism in the Arab world|Siege of Banu Qurayza|Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world}}
{{Further|Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Mein Kampf in Arabic|New antisemitism|Racism in the State of Palestine}}
[[File:Banu Qurayza.png|thumb|200px|The [[Banu Qurayza|massacre of the Jewish Banu Qurayza]] in Arabia]]

According to [[Mark R. Cohen]], during the [[Early history of Islam|rise of Islam]], the first encounters between [[Muslims]] and Jews resulted in friendship when the people of [[Medina]] gave [[Muhammad]] refuge, among them were Jewish tribes of Medina. Conflict arose when Muhammad expelled certain [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribes]] after they refused to swear their allegiance to him and aided [[Mecca]]n [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|pagans]]. He adds that this encounter was an exception rather than a rule.<ref>Cohen, Mark R. ''Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages'', [[Princeton University Press]], 1994, p. 163. {{ISBN|0-691-01082-X}}</ref>

Of the three Jewish tribes of Medina, the [[Banu Nadir]] and the [[Banu Qaynuqa]] were expelled in the course of Muhammad's rule after suspicion arose in the Muslim leadership that the Jews were planning the assassination of Muhammad. On the other hand, the [[Banu Qurayza]] tribe was exterminated by Muhammad in the aftermath of the [[Battle of the Trench]]. The tribe was accused of colluding with Meccan enemies during the Meccan siege of Medina and subsequently besieged. When they surrendered, all grown men were executed and women and children were enslaved.<ref name = "Kister95">Kister, "The Massacre of the Banu Quraiza", p. 95 ff.</ref><ref name="rod213">Rodinson, ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'', p. 213.</ref> Muhammad is recorded as saying that he would expel all Jews and Christians from Arabia,<ref>{{Hadith USC|usc=yes|muslim|19|4366}}</ref> although this was not [[History of the Jews in Khaybar#Expulsion of the Jews from Khaybar|carried out]] until the reign of [[Umar]].<ref>[[Giorgio Levi Della Vida]] and [[Michael Bonner]], ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', and Madelung, ''The Succession to Prophet Muhammad'', p. 74</ref>

When [[Amr ibn al-As]] conquered Tripoli in 643, he forced the Jewish and Christian Berbers to give their wives and children as slaves to the Arab army as part of their ''jizya''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNsCPOnTfhoC|title=The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In|page=206|isbn=9780306815850 |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |year=2007 |publisher=Da Capo Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MwoDsz2VeEC|title=The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futuh|date=January 2010 |page=170|publisher=Cosimo |isbn=9781616404352 }}</ref>

Traditionally, [[History of the Jews under Muslim rule|Jews living in Islamic states]] were subjected to the status of ''[[dhimmi]]'', therefore they were allowed to practice their religion and administer their internal affairs, but were subjects to certain conditions.<ref name=lewis1020>Lewis (1984), pp.10,20</ref> They had to pay the [[jizya]] (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to Muslims.<ref name=lewis1020 /> Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal [[Disabilities (Jewish)|disabilities]] such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims.<ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 9, 27</ref> Contrary to popular belief, the [[Qur'an]] did not order Muslims to force Jews to wear distinctive clothing. [[Obadiah the Proselyte]] reported in 1100 AD, that the [[Caliph]] had created this rule himself.<ref>[[Alexander Scheiber|Scheiber, A.]] (1954) "The Origins of Obadiah, the Norman Proselyte" ''Journal of Jewish Studies'' London: Oxford University Press. v. 5. p. 37</ref>

Resentment toward Jews perceived as having attained too lofty a position in Islamic society also fueled antisemitism and massacres. In [[al-Andalus|Andalusian Spain]], [[ibn Hazm]] and [[Abū Isḥāq al-Ilbirī|Abu Ishaq]] focused their anti-Jewish writings on this allegation. This was also the chief motivation behind the [[1066 Granada massacre]], when "[m]ore than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day",<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1 = Gottheil |first1 = Richard |last2 = Kayserling |first2 = Meyer |author-link1 = Richard Gottheil |author-link2 = Meyer Kayserling |title = Granada |encyclopedia = [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |date = 1904 |publisher = [[Funk & Wagnalls]] |volume = VI |page = 80 |url = https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada|access-date=2023-01-02}}</ref> and in [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]] in 1033, when 6,000 Jews were killed.<ref name=Morris10>[[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] (2001) ''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–2001''. New York:Vintage Books. pp. 10–11.</ref> There were further massacres in Fez in 1276 and 1465.<ref>Gerber (1986), p. 84</ref>

In 1354, Muslim mobs in Egypt "ran amok ... attacking Christians and Jews in the streets, and throwing them into bonfires if they refused to pronounce the ''[[Shahada|shadādatayn]]''."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/614714|title=Coptic Conversion to Islam Under the Mahri Mamlūks, 692–755/1293–1354|page=567|jstor=614714 }}</ref>

The Almohads wreaked enormous destruction on both the Jewish and Christian populations in Spain and North Africa. This devastation, massacre, captivity, and forced conversion was described by the Jewish chronicler [[Abraham ibn Daud]] and the poet [[Abraham ibn Ezra]]. Suspicious of the sincerity of the Jewish converts to Islam, Muslim "inquisitors" took children from their families and placed them in the care of Muslim educators.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idEUAAAAIAAJ | isbn=9789004062955 | title=A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / Edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal | year=1974 | pages=123–29 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref>

[[Maimonides]], who had to flee from Almohad-controlled Iberia with his family, said "God has hurled us in the midst of this people, the Arabs, who have persecuted us severely, and passed baneful and discriminatory legislation against us. Never did a nation molest, degrade, debase, and hate us as much as they. We bear the inhumane burden of their humiliation, lies and absurdities, being as the prophet said, 'like a deaf man who does not hear or a dumb man who does not open his mouth' ... Our sages disciplined us to bear Ishmael's lies and absurdities, listening in silence, and we have trained ourselves, old and young, to endure their humiliation, as Isaiah said, 'I have given my back to the smiters, and my cheek to the beard pullers.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bugTDAAAQBAJ | title=Modern Judaism: An Oxford Guide | isbn=978-0-19-926287-8 | last1=Freud-Kandel | first1=Miri | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8xfHqnv5zgC | title=The Gazelle: Medieval Hebrew Poems on God, Israel, and the Soul | isbn=978-0-19-512988-5 | last1=Scheindlin | first1=Raymond P. | year=1999 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>