Editing Philadelphia (section)

===19th century===
{{Further|Pennsylvania in the American Civil War}}
[[File:Centennial Exhibition, Opening Day.jpg|thumb|Opening day ceremonies at the [[Centennial Exposition]] at [[Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)|Memorial Hall]] in [[Fairmount Park]] in 1876, the first [[World's fair|world fair]] held in the U.S. on the centennial anniversary of the nation's founding]]
Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia hosted a variety of industries and businesses; the largest was the [[textile industry]]. Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]], [[William Cramp & Sons|William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company]], and the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |editor-first=RF |editor-last=Weigley |title=Philadelphia: A 300-Year History |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=1982 |location=New York and London |pages=214, 218, 428–429 |isbn=0-393-01610-2 |oclc=8532897 |display-editors=etal |url=https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/214 }}</ref> Established in 1870, the Philadelphia Conveyancers' Association was chartered by the state in 1871. Along with the U.S. Centennial in 1876, the city's industry was celebrated in the [[Centennial Exposition]], the first official [[World's fair]] in the U.S.

Immigrants, mostly from Ireland and Germany, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. These immigrants were largely responsible for the [[1835 Philadelphia general strike|first general strike in North America]] in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of [[South Street (Philadelphia)|South Street]] and later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] churches and schools and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] [[Philadelphia nativist riots|riots]] erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the [[Act of Consolidation, 1854|Act of Consolidation of 1854]], which extended the city limits from the {{convert|2|sqmi}} of [[Center City, Philadelphia|Center City]] to the roughly {{convert|134|sqmi}} of [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia County]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphia.html |title=A Brief History of Philadelphia |access-date=December 14, 2006 |work=Philadelphia History |publisher=ushistory.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104085513/http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphia.html |archive-date=January 4, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Consolidation>{{cite web |url=http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/consolidation-act-of-1854/ |title=Consolidation Act of 1854 |access-date=September 17, 2014 |archive-date=November 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110124235/http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/consolidation-act-of-1854/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the latter half of the 19th century and leading into the 20th century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe, and Italy, and African Americans from the [[Southern United States|southern U.S.]] settled in the city.<ref>''Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings'', pages 38–39</ref>

Philadelphia was represented by the [[Washington Grays (Philadelphia)|Washington Grays]] in the [[American Civil War]]. The African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559 between 1880 and 1930, largely stemming from the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] from the [[Southern United States|South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/wphila/stats/census_lloyd.html |title=Notes on the historical development of population in West Philadelphia |website=University of Pennsylvania |access-date=January 16, 2010 |archive-date=June 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614195259/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/wphila/stats/census_lloyd.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php |title=Detroit and the Great Migration, 1916–1929 by Elizabeth Anne Martin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615144911/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php |archive-date=June 15, 2008 |date=July 5, 2007 |publisher=Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan }}</ref>