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Phoenix Program
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=== Torture === According to Valentine, methods of torture that were utilized at the interrogation centers included:<blockquote>Rape, gang rape, rape using eels, snakes, or hard objects, and rape followed by murder; electrical shock ("the Bell Telephone Hour") rendered by attaching wires to the genitals or other sensitive parts of the body, like the tongue; "the water treatment"; "the airplane," in which a prisoner's arms were tied behind the back and the rope looped over a hook on the ceiling, suspending the prisoner in midair, after which he or she was beaten; beatings with rubber hoses and whips; and the use of police dogs to maul prisoners.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Valentine|first=Douglas|title=The Phoenix Program: America's Use of Terror in Vietnam|publisher=[[William Morrow & Company]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0-688-09130-9|page=85}}</ref></blockquote>Military intelligence officer K. Barton Osborn reports that he witnessed "the use of the insertion of the 6-inch [[dowel]] into the canal of one of my detainee's ears, and the tapping through the brain until dead. The starvation to death (in a cage), of a Vietnamese woman who was suspected of being part of the local political education cadre in one of the local villages ... The use of electronic gear such as sealed telephones attached to ... both the women's vaginas and men's testicles [to] shock them into submission."<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Joe Allen (writer)|Allen, Joe]] |author2=[[John Pilger|Pilger, John]] |title=Vietnam: the (last) war the U.S. lost|publisher=[[Haymarket Books]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-931859-49-3 |page=164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE1Rs6kBWssC&pg=PA164}}</ref> Osborn's claims have been refuted by author Gary Kulik, who states that Osborn made exaggerated, contradictory and false claims and that his colleagues stated that he liked making "fantastic statements" and that he "frequently made exaggerated remarks in order to attract attention to himself."<ref name="Kulik">{{cite book|last=Kulik|first=Gary|title=War Stories False atrocity tales, Swift Boaters and Winter Soldiers β what really happened in Vietnam|publisher=Potomac Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1-59797-304-5}}</ref>{{rp|134β138}} Osborn served with the [[United States Marine Corps]] in [[I Corps (South Vietnam)|I Corps]] in 1967β1968 before the Phoenix Program was implemented.<ref>{{cite book|last=Woodruff|first=Mark|title=Unheralded Victory|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2000|isbn=0-00-472540-9|page=283}}</ref> Torture was carried out by South Vietnamese forces with the CIA and special forces playing a supervisory role.<ref name="Harbury, Jennifer 2005 97">{{cite book|author=Harbury, Jennifer|title=Truth, torture, and the American way: the history and consequences of U.S. involvement in torture|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8070-0307-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/truthtortureamer0000harb/page/97 97]|url=https://archive.org/details/truthtortureamer0000harb|url-access=registration|author-link=Jennifer Harbury}}</ref>
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