Editing Photograph manipulation (section)

=== Use in fashion ===
The photo manipulation industry has often been accused of promoting or inciting a distorted and unrealistic image of {{nowrap|self{{hsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{hsp}}most specifically in younger people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professional Photo Editing Services For E-commerce photos |url=https://www.fixanyphoto.com/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.fixanyphoto.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The world of [[glamour photography]] is one specific industry that has been heavily involved with the use of photo manipulation (what many consider to be a concerning element as many people look up to celebrities in search of embodying the 'ideal figure').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professional Photo Editing Services For E-commerce photos |url=https://www.fixanyphoto.com/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.fixanyphoto.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Manipulation of a photo to alter a model's appearance can be used to change features such as skin complexion, hair color, body shape, and other features. Many of the alterations to skin involve removing blemishes through the use of features included within popular image editing programs which are designed for just such purposes. Photo editors may also alter the color of hair to remove roots or add shine. Additionally, the model's teeth and eyes may be made to look whiter than they are in reality. [[Cosmetics|Makeup]] and [[body piercing|piercings]] can even be edited into pictures to look as though the model was wearing them when the photo was taken. Through photo editing, the appearance of a model may be drastically changed to mask imperfections.<ref>Metzmacher, Dirk. "Smashing Magazine." Smashing Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. April 16, 2014.</ref>

In an article entitled "Confessions of a Retoucher: how the modeling industry is harming women", a professional retoucher who has worked for mega-fashion brands shares the industry's secrets.<ref name="Cage">{{Cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/beauty/confessions-of-a-retoucher-how-the-modelling-industry-is-harming-women-20171006-gyvqf2.html |title=Confessions of a retoucher: how the modeling industry is harming women |last=Cage |first=Carolyn |date=2017-10-06 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref> Along with fixing imperfections like skin wrinkles and smoothing features, the size of the model is manipulated by either adding or subtracting visible weight. Reverse retouching is just as common as making models skinnier, "distorting the bodies of very thin models to make them appear more robust in a process called reverse retouching. It is almost worse than making someone slimmer because the image claims you can be at an unhealthy weight but still look healthy. In reality, you can't, you have to Photoshop it".<ref name="Cage" /> Reverse retouching includes eliminating shadows from protruding bones, adding flesh over body parts, color correcting, and removing hair generated for warmth from extreme weight loss. Professionals are saying that if an image is not labeled "not retouched", then the public can assume that photograph has been modified.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-retouched-photos-impact-our-mental-health-2018-3 |first1=Caitlin |last1=Flynn |agency=SheKnows |date=Mar 30, 2018 |title=Here's how retouched photos impact our mental health |work=Business Insider |access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref> As the fashion industry continues to use photos that have been manipulated to idealize body types, there is a need for education about how unreal and unhealthy these images are and the negative implications they are promoting.

A digital manipulation expert, who edited and altered a lot of images for the fashion industry and wants to remain private, says it is normal to digitally manipulate a photograph of a model to make them appear thinner, regardless of actual weight. Generally, photographs are edited to remove the appearance of up to {{Convert|10|kilogram}}. However, in the past 20 years,{{When|date=February 2021}} the practice has changed, as more celebrities are on social media and the public is now more aware of their actual appearances; it is likely that significant alterations would be noticed.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} The retoucher notes that the industry's goal is to make significant income in advertising and that the unrealistic ideals cycle will continue as they have to maintain this.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/beauty/photoshop-shock-insider-reveals-fashion-industry-image-editing-practices-20140924-10l97y.html |title=Photoshop shock: Insider reveals fashion industry image editing practices |last=Clun |first=Rachel |date=2014-09-24 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>

Starting in 2012, [[Seventeen (American magazine)|''Seventeen'' magazine]] said they intended to no longer manipulate photos of their models. The decision was made after a 14-year-old girl, Julia Bluhm, petitioned that the magazine use a minimum of one unaltered photo in each of their spread per issue. The petition received over 84,000 signatures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amanda Oliver |title=4 Companies That Refuse to Photoshop—And Why That Matters For All Genders |url=https://groundswell.org/4-companies-that-refuse-to-photoshop-and-why-that-matters-for-all-genders/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305001614/https://groundswell.org/4-companies-that-refuse-to-photoshop-and-why-that-matters-for-all-genders/ |archive-date=2015-03-05 |access-date=2020-04-04 |website=Groundswell |language=en}}</ref>