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== History == === Early illustrated books === [[Image:orbispictus.JPG|thumb|right|A reprint of the 1658 illustrated ''[[Orbis Pictus]]'']] The production of illustrated books dates back to the earliest days of bookbinding. Medieval [[illuminated manuscript]]s were commissioned by the rich, and drawn by religious scribes. Perhaps the most important tradition of medieval art in regard to the development of picture books is the [[Poor Man's Bible]], which sought to make illustrations of important Biblical events so that they could be understood by the illiterate. These illustrations were generally found either on [[stained glass]] windows, or as illuminations in [[Biblia pauperum|Paupers' Bibles]]. ''[[Orbis Pictus]]'' from 1658 by [[John Amos Comenius]] was the earliest illustrated book specifically for children. It is something of a children's [[encyclopedia]] and is illustrated by [[woodcut]]s.<ref>Hunt, p. 217</ref> ''[[A Little Pretty Pocket-Book]]'' from 1744 by [[John Newbery]] was the earliest illustrated storybook marketed as pleasure reading in English.<ref>Hunt, p. 668</ref> In Japan, ''[[kibyoshi]]'' were picture books from the 18th century, and are seen as a precursor to [[manga]].<ref name ="Kern 2006">{{cite book |last=Kern |first=Adam |year=2006 |title=Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyoshi of Edo Japan |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-02266-1}}</ref> Examples of 18th-century Japanese picture books include works such as [[Santō Kyōden]]'s ''Shiji no yukikai'' (1798).<ref>{{Cite web |title = Santō Kyōden's picturebooks |url = http://heartland.geocities.jp/hamasakaba/44kyoden/ |access-date = 2018-08-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160106014407/http://heartland.geocities.jp/hamasakaba/44kyoden/ |archive-date = 2016-01-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Shiji no yukikai (Japanese National Diet Library) | url = http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2534277/5?contentNo=5&itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F2534277&__lang=en}}</ref> The German children's books ''[[Struwwelpeter]]'' (literally "Shaggy-Peter") from 1845 by [[Heinrich Hoffmann (author)|Heinrich Hoffmann]], and ''[[Max and Moritz]]'' from 1865 by [[Wilhelm Busch]], were among the earliest examples of modern picturebook design. Collections of [[Fairy tale]]s from the early nineteenth century, like those by the [[Grimm's Fairy Tales|Brothers Grimm]] or [[Hans Christian Andersen]] were sparsely illustrated, but beginning in the middle of the century, collections were published with images by illustrators like [[Gustave Doré]], [[Fedor Flinzer]], [[George Cruikshank]],<ref>Hunt, p. 221</ref> [[Vilhelm Pedersen]], [[Ivan Bilibin]] and [[John Bauer (illustrator)|John Bauer]]. [[Andrew Lang's Fairy Books|Andrew Lang's twelve Fairy Books]] published between 1889 and 1910 were illustrated by among others [[Henry Justice Ford|Henry J. Ford]] and [[Lancelot Speed]]. [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', illustrated by [[John Tenniel]] in 1866 was one of the first highly successful entertainment books for children. [[Image:Alice par John Tenniel 30.png|thumb|left|upright|Alice from [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', illustration by John Tenniel, 1866]] [[Toy book]]s were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century, small paper-bound books with art dominating the text. These had a larger proportion of pictures to words than earlier books, and many of their pictures were in color. The best of these were illustrated by the triumvirate of English illustrators [[Randolph Caldecott]], [[Walter Crane]], and [[Kate Greenaway]] whose association with colour printer and wood engraver Edmund Evans produced books of great quality.<ref>Hunt, p. 674</ref> In the late 19th and early 20th century a small number of American and British artists made their living illustrating children's books, like [[Rose O'Neill]], [[Arthur Rackham]], [[Cicely Mary Barker]], [[Willy Pogany]], [[Edmund Dulac]], [[W. Heath Robinson]], [[Howard Pyle]], or [[Charles Robinson (illustrator)|Charles Robinson]]. [[Image:Babes in the Wood - cover - illustrated by Randolph Caldecott - Project Gutenberg eText 19361.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cover of ''[[Babes in the Wood]]'' (1879), illustrated by [[Randolph Caldecott]]]] [[Beatrix Potter]]'s ''[[The Tale of Peter Rabbit]]'' was published in 1902 to immediate success. ''Peter Rabbit'' was Potter's first of many ''The Tale of...,'' including ''[[The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin]]'', ''[[The Tale of Benjamin Bunny]]'', ''[[The Tale of Tom Kitten]]'', and ''[[The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck]]'', to name but a few which were published in the years leading up to 1910. Swedish author [[Elsa Beskow]] wrote and illustrated some forty children's stories and picture books between 1897–1952. [[Lang's Fairy Books|Lang's twelve Fairy Books]] published between 1889 and 1910 were illustrated by among others [[Henry Justice Ford|Henry J. Ford]] and [[Lancelot Speed]]. <!-- [[Image:LittleBlackSamboCover.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Little Black Sambo]] illustration by [[Helen Bannerman]], 1899]] --> In the US, illustrated stories for children appeared in magazines like ''[[Ladies Home Journal]]'', ''[[Good Housekeeping]]'', ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'', and ''[[Woman's Home Companion]]'', intended for mothers to read to their children. Some cheap periodicals appealing to the juvenile reader started to appear in the early twentieth century, often with uncredited illustrations. [[Helen Bannerman]]'s ''[[Little Black Sambo]]'' was published in 1899, and went through numerous printings and versions during the first decade of the twentieth century. It was part of a series of small-format books called [[Dumpy books|The Dumpy Books for Children]], published by British publisher Grant Richards between 1897 and 1904. === Early to mid-20th century === In 1913, Cupples & Leon published a series of 15 ''All About'' books, emulating the form and size of the [[Beatrix Potter]] books, ''All About Peter Rabbit'', ''All About the Three Bears'', ''All About [[Mother Goose]]'', and ''All About [[The Little Red Hen|Little Red Hen]]''. The latter, along with several others, was illustrated by [[Johnny Gruelle]]. [[Wanda Gág]]'s ''[[Millions of Cats]]'' was published in 1928 and became the first picture book to receive a [[Newbery Medal]] runner-up award. Wanda Gág followed with ''The Funny Thing'' in 1929, ''Snippy and Snappy'' in 1931, and then ''The ABC Bunny'' in 1933, which garnered her a second Newbery runner-up award. In 1931, [[Jean de Brunhoff]]'s first [[Babar the Elephant|Babar]] book, ''The Story of Babar'' was published in France, followed by ''The Travels of Babar'' then ''Babar the King''. In 1930, [[Marjorie Flack]] authored and illustrated ''Angus and the Ducks'', followed in 1931 by ''Angus and The Cats'', then in 1932, ''Angus Lost''. Flack authored another book in 1933, ''[[The Story About Ping]]'', illustrated by [[Kurt Wiese]]. The ''Elson Basic Reader'' was published in 1930 and introduced the public to ''[[Dick and Jane]]''. In 1930 ''[[The Little Engine That Could]]'' was published, illustrated by [[Lois Lenski]]. In 1954 it was illustrated anew by [[George and Doris Hauman]]. It spawned an entire line of books and related paraphernalia and coined the refrain "I think I can! I think I can!". In 1936, [[Munro Leaf]]'s ''[[The Story of Ferdinand]]'' was published, illustrated by [[Robert Lawson (author)|Robert Lawson]]. ''Ferdinand'' was the first picture book to cross over into [[Popular culture|pop culture]]. [[Walt Disney]] produced an animated feature film along with corresponding merchandising materials. In 1938 to [[Dorothy P. Lathrop|Dorothy Lathrop]] was awarded the first [[Caldecott Medal]] for her illustrations in ''[[Animals of the Bible]]'', written by Helen Dean Fish. [[Thomas Handforth]] won the second Caldecott Medal in 1939, for ''[[Mei Li]]'', which he also wrote. [[Ludwig Bemelmans]]' ''[[Madeline]]'' was published in 1939 and was selected as a Caldecott Medal runner-up, today known as a Caldecott Honor book. In 1942, [[Simon & Schuster]] began publishing the [[Little Golden Books]], a series of inexpensive, well illustrated, high quality children's books. The eighth book in the series, ''[[The Poky Little Puppy]]'', is the top selling children's book of all time.<ref name="PW-Roback">Diane Roback, editor; compiled by Debbie Hochman Turvey. [http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/28595-all-time-bestselling-children-s-books.html "All-Time Bestselling Children's Books"] ''Publishers Weekly'' (Dec 17, 2001).</ref> Many of the books were bestsellers,<ref name=PW-Roback /> including ''The Poky Little Puppy'', ''[[Tootle]]'', ''[[Scuffy the Tugboat]]'', and ''[[The Little Red Hen]]''. Several illustrators for the Little Golden Books later became staples within the picture book industry. [[Corinne Malvern]], [[Tibor Gergely]], [[Gustaf Tenggren]], [[Feodor Rojankovsky]], [[Richard Scarry]], [[Eloise Wilkin]], and [[Garth Williams]]. In 1947 ''[[Goodnight Moon]]'', written by [[Margaret Wise Brown]] and illustrated by [[Clement Hurd]], was published. By 1955, such picture book classics as ''[[Make Way for Ducklings]]'', ''[[The Little House (picture book)|The Little House]]'', ''[[Curious George]]'', and ''[[Eloise (books)|Eloise]]'', had all been published. In 1955 the first book was published in the ''[[Miffy]]'' series by Dutch author and illustrator [[Dick Bruna]]. In 1937, [[Dr. Seuss]] (Theodor Seuss Geisel), at the time a successful graphic artist and humorist, published his first book for children, ''[[And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street]]''. It was immediately successful, and Seuss followed up with ''[[The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins]]'' in 1938, followed by ''[[The King's Stilts]]'' in 1939, and ''[[Horton Hatches the Egg]]'' in 1940, all published by [[Random House]]. From 1947 to 1956 Seuss had twelve children's picture books published. Dr. Seuss created ''[[The Cat in the Hat]]'' in reaction to a [[Life (magazine)|Life magazine]] article by [[John Hersey]] in lamenting the unrealistic children in [[School Primers|school primers]] books. Seuss rigidly limited himself to a small set of words from an elementary school vocabulary list, then crafted a story based upon two randomly selected words—cat and hat. Up until the mid-1950s, there was a degree of separation between illustrated educational books and illustrated picture books. That changed with ''The Cat in the Hat'' in 1957. Because of the success of ''The Cat in The Hat'' an independent publishing company was formed, called [[Beginner Books]]. The second book in the series was nearly as popular, ''[[The Cat in the Hat Comes Back]]'', published in 1958. Other books in the series were ''[[Sam and the Firefly]]'' (1958), ''[[Green Eggs and Ham]]'' (1960), ''[[Are You My Mother?]]'' (1960), ''[[Go, Dog. Go!]]'' (1961), ''[[Hop on Pop]]'' (1963), and ''[[Fox in Socks]]'' (1965). Creators in the Beginner Book series were [[Stan and Jan Berenstain]], [[Philip D. Eastman|P. D. Eastman]], [[Roy McKie]], and [[Helen Palmer Geisel]] (Seuss's wife). The Beginner Books dominated the children's picture book market of the 1960s. Between 1957 and 1960 [[Harper & Brothers]] published a series of sixteen "I Can Read" books. ''[[Little Bear (book)|Little Bear]]'' was the first of the series. Written by [[Else Holmelund Minarik]] and illustrated by a then relatively unknown [[Maurice Sendak]], the two collaborated on three other "I Can Read" books over the next three years. From 1958 to 1960, [[Syd Hoff]] wrote and illustrated four "I Can Read" books: ''[[Danny and the Dinosaur]]'', ''Sammy the Seal'', ''Julius'', and ''Oliver''. === Mid- to late 20th century === In 1949 American writer and illustrator [[Richard Scarry]] began his career working on the [[Little Golden Books]] series. His ''[[Best Word Book Ever]]'' from 1963 has sold 4 million copies. In total Scarry wrote and illustrated more than 250 books, and more than 100 million of his books have been sold worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/03/obituaries/richard-scarry-74-children-s-book-author-and-illustrator-dies.html|first=Eric|last=Pace|title=Richard Scarry, 74, Children's Book Author and Illustrator, Dies |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date= May 3, 1994 |accessdate=May 5, 2022}}</ref> In 1963, ''[[Where the Wild Things Are]]'' by American writer and illustrator [[Maurice Sendak]] was published. It has been adapted into other media several times, including an animated short in 1973, a [[Where the Wild Things Are (opera)|1980 opera]], and, in 2009, a live-action [[Where the Wild Things Are (film)|feature film adaptation]] directed by [[Spike Jonze]]. By 2008 it had sold over 19 million copies worldwide.<ref name="Thornton">Thornton, Matthew (February 4, 2008) [http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6528120.html "Wild Things All Over"]. ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''</ref> American illustrator and author [[Gyo Fujikawa]] created more than 50 books between 1963 and 1990. Her work has been translated into 17 languages and published in 22 countries. Her most popular books, ''Babies'' and ''Baby Animals'', have sold over 1.7 million copies in the U.S.<ref>[http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA186995.html Publishers Weekly]. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</ref> Fujikawa is recognized for being the earliest mainstream illustrator of picture books to include children of many races in her work.<ref> [http://ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/diversity/versed/versedbackissues/september2005a/fujikawa.cfm ''Gyo Fujikawa, a Children's Illustrator Forging the Way'', Dr. Andrea Wyman. Versed, Sept. 2005.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724231703/http://ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/diversity/versed/versedbackissues/september2005a/fujikawa.cfm |date=2011-07-24 }} URL accessed 21 July 2009.</ref><ref>[http://us.penguingroup.com/static/html/aboutus/youngreaders/grosset.html Penguin Group Diversity.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404175001/http://us.penguingroup.com/static/html/aboutus/youngreaders/grosset.html |date=2007-04-04 }} URL accessed 23 April 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.askart.com/AskART/F/gyo_fujikawa/gyo_fujikawa.aspx Ask Art: Gyo Fujikawa.] URL accessed 23 April 2007.</ref> Most of the [[Moomin]] books by Finnish author [[Tove Jansson]] were novels, but several Moomin picture books were also published between 1952 and 1980, like ''[[Who Will Comfort Toffle?]]'' (1960) and ''[[The Dangerous Journey]]'' (1977). The [[Barbapapa]] series of books by [[Annette Tison]] and [[Talus Taylor]] was published in France in the 1970s. They feature the shapeshifting pink blob Barbapapa and his numerous colorful children. The ''[[Mr. Men]]'' series of 40-some books by English author and illustrated [[Roger Hargreaves]] started in 1971. ''[[The Snowman (picture book)|The Snowman]]'' by [[Raymond Briggs]] was published in Britain in 1978 and was entirely [[Wordless picture book|wordless]]. It was made into an [[Academy Awards|Oscar nominated]] [[The Snowman|animated cartoon]] that has been shown every year since on [[British television]]. Japanese author and illustrator [[Mitsumasa Anno]] has published a number of picture books, beginning in 1968 with ''Mysterious Pictures''. In his "Journey" books a tiny character travels through depictions of the culture of various countries. ''[[Everyone Poops]]'' was first published in [[Japan]] in 1977, written and illustrated by the prolific children's author [[Taro Gomi|Tarō Gomi]]. It has been translated into several languages. Published in 1978, [[Roald Dahl]]'s ''[[The Enormous Crocodile]]'' is in the style of a picture book in contrast to his other children's books. Australian author [[Margaret Wild]] has written more than 40 books since 1984 and won several awards. In 1987 the first book was published in the ''[[Where's Wally?]]'' (known as ''Where's Waldo?'' in the United States and Canada) series by the British illustrator [[Martin Handford]]. The books were translated into many languages and the franchise also spawned [[Where's Waldo? (TV series)|a TV series]], a comic strip and a series of video games. Since 1989 over 20 books have been created in the ''[[Elmer the Patchwork Elephant]]'' series by the British author [[David McKee]]. They have been translated in 40 languages and adapted into a children's TV series.
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