Editing Pirate decryption (section)

===Receiver (IRD) and microprocessor terminology===
* [[Digital Video Broadcasting|DVB]] is an international standard for digital video broadcasting used by virtually all European broadcasters; some North American providers use incompatible proprietary standards such as [[Digital Signature Algorithm|DSS]] (DirecTV) or [[DigiCipher 2|DigiCipher]] (Motorola) which predate the DVB standardisation effort. The packet size, tables and control information transmitted by proprietary systems require proprietary non-DVB receivers, even though the video itself nominally in some form will often still adhere to the [[MPEG-2]] image compression standard defined by the Moving Picture Experts Group.
* An [[Integrated receiver/decoder|IRD]] is an integrated receiver-decoder, in other words a complete digital satellite TV or radio receiver; "decoder" in this context refers not to decryption but to the decompression and conversion of MPEG video into displayable format.
* [[free-to-air|FTA]] is often used to refer to receivers and equipment which contain no decryption hardware, built with the intention of being able to receive unencrypted [[free-to-air]] broadcasts; more properly FTA refers to the unencrypted broadcasts themselves.
* A [[conditional-access module|CAM]] or conditional-access module is defined by the DVB standard as an interface between a standardised DVB [[Common Interface]] receiver and one or more proprietary smartcards for signal decryption. It is not the smartcard itself. The standard format of this module follows [[PCMCIA]] specifications; some receivers bypass the requirement for a separate module by providing embedded CAM functionality in the receiver to communicate with specific proprietary smartcards such as [[Nagravision]], [[Conax]], Irdeto, [[Viaccess]], [[Betacrypt]]. In the North American market, most "package receivers" sold by signal providers provide embedded CAM operation; terminology is therefore often misused to misidentify the smartcard as a CAM.
* [[JTAG]] is a standard test interface defined by the Joint Test Action Group and supported on many late-model digital receivers for factory test purposes. Operating using a six-wire interface and a personal computer, the JTAG interface was originally intended to provide a means to test and debug embedded hardware and software. In the satellite TV world, JTAG is most often used to obtain read-write access to nonvolatile memory within a digital receiver; initially programs such as Wall and JKeys were used to read box keys from receivers with embedded CAMs but JTAG has since proven its legitimate worth to satellite TV fans as a repair tool to fix receivers where the firmware (in flash memory) has been corrupted.
* The ''Sombrero de Patel'' is another device used to obtain [[direct memory access]] to a receiver without physically removing memory chips from the board to place them in sockets or read them with a specialized device programmer. The device consists of a standard PLCC [[integrated circuit]] [[Jack (connector)|socket]] which has been turned upside-down in order to be placed directly over a [[microprocessor]] already permanently soldered to a [[printed circuit board]] in a receiver; the socket makes [[electrical contact]] with all pins of the microprocessor and is interfaced to one or more microcontrollers which use direct memory access to pause the receiver's microprocessor and read or write directly to the memory. The term ''sombrero'' is used for this hack as the novel use of an inverted IC socket somewhat resembles a [[hat]] being placed upon the main processor.