Editing Plant reproductive morphology (section)

===Terminology===
{{anchor|Terminology}}<!--Linked from [[Cannabis]] -->
The complexity of the morphology of flowers and its variation within populations has led to a rich terminology.
* {{anchor|Androdioecious}}'''Androdioecious''': having male flowers on some plants, bisexual ones on others.<ref name="Beentje-2010"/>
* {{anchor|Androecious}}'''Androecious''': having only male flowers (the male of a [[#Dioecious|dioecious]] population); producing pollen but no seed.<ref name="Janick-2010"/>
* '''Androgynous''': see [[#Bisexual|bisexual]].<ref name="Beentje-2010"/>
* {{anchor|Androgynomonoecious}}'''Androgynomonoecious''': having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant, also called trimonoecious.<ref name="Janick-2010">{{cite book |author=Janick, J. |year=2010 |title=Plant Breeding Reviews |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9780470650028 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=by8K32RdKmYC}}</ref>
* {{anchor|Andromonoecious}}'''Andromonoecious''': having both [[#Bisexual|bisexual]] and male flowers on the same plant.<ref name="Beentje-2010"/>
* {{anchor|Bisexual}}{{anchor|Perfect flower}}{{anchor|Androgynous}}{{anchor|Hermaphroditic}}{{anchor|Monoclinous}}{{anchor|Synoecious}}'''Bisexual''': each flower of each individual has both male and female structures, i.e. it combines both sexes in one structure.<ref name="Beentje-2010"/> Flowers of this kind are called '''perfect''', having both [[stamen]]s and [[carpel]]s. Other terms used for this condition are '''androgynous''', '''hermaphroditic''', '''monoclinous''' and '''synoecious'''.
* {{anchor|Dichogamous}}'''Dichogamous''': having sexes developing at different times; producing pollen when the stigmas are not receptive,<ref name="Beentje-2010"/> either [[#Protandrous|protandrous]] or [[#Protogynous|protogynous]]. This promotes [[outcrossing]] by limiting self-pollination.<ref name="Stace-1995"/> Some dichogamous plants have [[#Bisexual|bisexual]] flowers, others have [[#Unisexual|unisexual]] flowers.
* '''Diclinous''': see [[#Unisexual|Unisexual]].<ref name="Beentje-2010"/>
* {{anchor|Dioecious}}'''[[Dioecy|Dioecious]]''': having either only male or only female flowers.<ref name="Beentje-2010"/> No individual plant of the population produces both pollen and ovules.<ref name="Baskauf-2002"/> (From the Greek for "two households". See also the Wiktionary entry for {{linktext|dioecious}}.)
* {{anchor|Gynodioecious}}'''Gynodioecious''': having hermaphrodite flowers and female flowers on separate plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://botanydictionary.org/gynodioecious.html|title=Gynodioecious|publisher=Dictionary of Botany|access-date=2013-04-10}}</ref>
* {{anchor|Gynoecious}}'''Gynoecious''': having only female flowers (the female of a [[#Dioecious|dioecious]] population); producing seed but not pollen.<ref name="Grubben-2004">{{cite book|author=G. J. H. Grubben|title=Vegetables|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6jrlyOPfr24C|year=2004|publisher=PROTA|isbn=978-90-5782-147-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6jrlyOPfr24C/page/n255 255]–}}</ref>
* {{anchor|Gynomonoecious}}'''Gynomonoecious''': having both [[#Bisexual|bisexual]] and female flowers on the same plant.<ref name="Beentje-2010"/>
* '''Hermaphroditic''': see [[#Bisexual|bisexual]].<ref name="Beentje-2010"/>
* {{Anchor|homoecious}}'''Homoecious:''' plant species that only has bisexual/hermaproditic flowers.<ref name="Stevens-2001"/><ref name="NYBG-2012"/>
* '''Homogamous:''' male and female sexes reach maturity in synchrony; producing mature pollens when stigma is receptive.
* '''Imperfect''': (of flowers) having some parts that are normally present not developed,{{sfn|Cook|1968|p=131}} e.g. lacking stamens. See also [[#Unisexual|Unisexual]].
* '''Monoclinous''': see [[#Bisexual|bisexual]].<ref name="Beentje-2010"/>
* {{anchor|Monoecious}}'''[[Monoecious]]''': In the commoner narrow sense of the term, it refers to plants with [[#Unisexual|unisexual]] flowers which occur on the same individual.<ref name="Hickey-2001"/> In the broad sense of the term, it also includes plants with [[#Bisexual|bisexual]] flowers.<ref name="Beentje-2010"/> Individuals bearing separate flowers of both sexes at the same time are called simultaneously or synchronously monoecious and individuals that bear flowers of one sex at one time are called consecutively monoecious.<ref name="Kumar-2008">{{cite book|author=Dinesh Kumar|title=Definitional Glossary of Agricultural Terms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_ajeMQsNG8C&pg=PA115|date=20 August 2008|publisher=I. K. International Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-906757-4-1|pages=115–}}</ref> (From the Greek ''monos'' "single" + ''oikia'' "house". See also the Wiktionary entry for {{linktext|monoecious}}.)
* '''Perfect''': (of flowers) see [[#Bisexual|bisexual]].<ref name="Beentje-2010"/>
* {{anchor|Polygamodioecious}}'''Polygamodioecious''': mostly [[#Dioecious|dioecious]], but with either a few flowers of the opposite sex or a few [[#Bisexual|bisexual]] flowers on the same plant.<ref name="Hickey-2001"/>
* '''Polygamomonoecious''': see [[#Polygamous|polygamous]].<ref name="Beentje-2010"/> Or, mostly monoecious, but also partly polygamous.<ref name="Hickey-2001"/>
* {{anchor|Polygamous}}{{anchor|Polygamomonoecious}}{{anchor|Trimonoecious}}'''Polygamous''': having male, female, and [[#Bisexual|bisexual]] flowers on the same plant.<ref name="Beentje-2010"/> Also called '''polygamomonoecious''' or '''trimonoecious'''.<ref name="Geber-1999"/> Or, with bisexual and at least one of male and female flowers on the same plant.<ref name="Hickey-2001"/>
* {{anchor|Protandrous}}'''Protandrous''': (of [[#Dichogamous|dichogamous]] plants) having male parts of flowers developed before female parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as male and then change to female or producing pollen before the stigmas of the same plant are receptive.<ref name="Beentje-2010"/> ('''Protoandrous''' is also used.)
* {{anchor|Protogynous}}'''Protogynous''': (of [[#Dichogamous|dichogamous]] plants) having female parts of flowers developed before male parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as female and then change to male or producing pollen after the stigmas of the same plant are receptive.<ref name="Beentje-2010"/>
* {{anchor|Subandroecious}}'''Subandroecious''': having mostly male flowers, with a few female or [[#Bisexual|bisexual]] flowers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Testolin |first1=R |last2=Cipriani |first2=G |last3=Costa |first3=G |title=Sex segregation ratio and gender expression in the genus Actinidia |journal=Sexual Plant Reproduction |date=May 1995 |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/BF00242255 |s2cid=25414438 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00242255 |access-date=30 December 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{anchor|Subdioecious}}'''Subdioecious''': having some individuals in otherwise [[#Dioecious|dioecious]] populations with flowers that are not clearly male or female. The population produces normally male or female plants with [[#Unisexual|unisexual]] flowers, but some plants may have [[#Bisexual|bisexual]] flowers, some both male and female flowers, and others some combination thereof, such as female and bisexual flowers. The condition is thought to represent a transition between bisexuality and [[#Dioecous|dioecy]].<ref name="Olson-2000"/><ref name="Strittmatter-2002"/>
* {{anchor|Subgynoecious}}'''Subgynoecious''': having mostly female flowers, with a few male or [[#Bisexual|bisexual]] flowers.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
* '''Synoecious''': see [[#Bisexual|bisexual]].<ref name="Beentje-2010"/>
* '''Trimonoecious''': see [[#Polygamous|polygamous]]<ref name="Beentje-2010"/> and [[#Androgynomonoecious|androgynomonoecious]].<ref name="Janick-2010"/>
* '''[[Trioecy|Trioecious]]''': with male, female and bisexual flowers on different plants.<ref name="Beentje-2016"/>
* {{anchor|Unisexual}}{{anchor|Diclinous}}{{anchor|Incomplete flower}}{{anchor|Imperfect flower}}'''Unisexual''': having either functionally male or functionally female flowers.<ref name="Beentje-2010"/> This condition is also called '''diclinous''', '''incomplete''' or '''imperfect'''.