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Polonization
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==== Royal court ==== The second important channel for the spread of the Polish language and culture was the royal and grand ducal court. After 1447, only for short periods there was a separate grand ducal court in Vilnius. But even then the Polish influence was strong. Already Grand Duke Vytautas employed Polish secretaries to run his Latin chancellery.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=319-320}} The Krakow court was dominated by Poles who travelled with the king to Lithuania. The Lithuanian nobles who joined the court were therefore greatly influenced by Polish culture. Casimir Jagiellon was the last grand duke to know Lithuanian.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=320}} From the time of Zygmunt August, correspondence with the Lithuanian elite was conducted almost exclusively in Polish,{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=320}} since the knowledge of Latin in Lithuania was too weak.{{cn|date=March 2023}}
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