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Praxis (process)
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==Education== Praxis is used by educators to describe a recurring passage through a cyclical process of experiential [[learning]], such as the cycle described and popularised by [[David A. Kolb]].<ref>Kolb, D., [http://www.infed.org/biblio/b-explrn.htm "David A. Kolb on experiential learning"], ''Informal Education Encyclopedia''.</ref> [[Paulo Freire]] defines praxis in ''[[Pedagogy of the Oppressed]]'' as "reflection and action directed at the structures to be transformed."<ref>Freire, P. (1970), ''Pedagogy of the Oppressed''. Bloomsbury Academy, p. 126.</ref> Through praxis, oppressed people can acquire a critical awareness of their own condition, and, with teacher-students and students-teachers, struggle for liberation.<ref>Freire, P. (1986), ''Pedagogy of the Oppressed''. New York: Continuum, p. 36.</ref> In the British [[Channel 4]] television documentary ''New Order: Play at Home'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mojo4music.com/4831/new-orders-naked-80s-art-experiment/|title=New Order's Naked 1984 Art Experiment |website=MOJO |first1=Andrew |last1=Male |date=7 August 2013|access-date=18 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170831044216/http://www.mojo4music.com/4831/new-orders-naked-80s-art-experiment/ |archive-date= Aug 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyk5FwrbcgQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/pyk5FwrbcgQ| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=New Order Play at Home # 1|last=((parkhill62)) |date=17 April 2007|access-date=18 May 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Factory Records]] owner [[Tony Wilson]] describes praxis as "doing something, and then only afterwards, finding out why you did it". Praxis may be described as a form of critical thinking and comprises the combination of reflection and action. Praxis can be viewed as a progression of cognitive and physical actions: * Taking the action * Considering the impacts of the action * Analysing the results of the action by reflecting upon it * Altering and revising conceptions and planning following reflection * Implementing these plans in further actions This creates a cycle which can be viewed in terms of educational settings, learners and educational facilitators. Scott and Marshall (2009) refer to praxis as "a philosophical term referring to human action on the natural and social world"{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}. Furthermore, Gramsci (1999) emphasises the power of praxis in Selections from the ''Prison Notebooks'' by stating that "The philosophy of praxis does not tend to leave the simple in their primitive philosophy of common sense but rather to lead them to a higher conception of life". To reveal the inadequacies of religion, folklore, intellectualism and other such 'one-sided' forms of reasoning, Gramsci appeals directly in his later work to Marx's 'philosophy of praxis', describing it as a 'concrete' mode of reasoning. This principally involves the juxtaposition of a [[dialectical]] and scientific audit of reality; against all existing normative, ideological, and therefore counterfeit accounts. Essentially a 'philosophy' based on 'a practice', Marx's philosophy, is described correspondingly in this manner, as the only 'philosophy' that is at the same time a 'history in action' or a 'life' itself (Gramsci, Hoare and Nowell-Smith, 1972, p. 332).
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