Editing Pre-Adamite (section)

===Racist pre-Adamism===
{{Christian Identity sidebar|Concepts}}
In 19th-century Europe, pre-Adamism was attractive to those who were intent on demonstrating the inferiority of non-Western peoples, and in the [[United States]], it appealed to those who were attuned to [[Scientific racism|racial theories]] but found it unattractive to contemplate a common history with [[Person of color|non-whites]].

Scientists such as [[Charles Caldwell (physician)|Charles Caldwell]], [[Josiah C. Nott]] and [[Samuel George Morton|Samuel G. Morton]] rejected the view that non-whites were the descendants of Adam. Morton combined pre-Adamism with [[craniometry|cranial measurements]]. As [[Michael Barkun]] explains:
{{blockquote|In such an intellectual atmosphere, pre-Adamism appeared in two different but not wholly incompatible forms. Religious writers continued to be attracted to the theory both because it appeared to solve certain [[exegesis|exegetical]] problems (where did Cain's wife come from?) and exalted the spiritual status of Adam's descendants. Those of a scientific bent found it equally attractive but for different reasons, connected with a desire to formulate theories of racial difference that retained a place for Adam while accepting evidence that many cultures were far older than the few thousand years that humanity had existed, according to the biblical chronology. The two varieties differed primarily in the evidence they used, the one relying principally on scriptural texts and the latter on what passed at the time for [[physical anthropology]].<ref name="Barkun">{{cite book
|last=Barkun
|first=Michael
|author-link=Michael Barkun
|title=Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement
|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]
|year=2014
|isbn=978-1-46961111-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb0EAwAAQBAJ
|access-date=January 26, 2021
}}</ref>{{rp|153}}
}}

In 1860, [[Isabelle Wight Duncan|Isabella Duncan]] wrote ''Pre-Adamite Man, Or, The Story of Our Old Planet and Its Inhabitants, Told by Scripture & Science'', a mixture of [[geology]] and scriptural interpretation. The book was popular among a number of geologists because it mixed biblical events with science. She suggested that the pre-Adamites are today's [[angel]]s.{{r|Livingstone-2011|p=90}} Since they were without [[sin]], for sin did not enter the world until Adam disobeyed God, there was no reason for them not to have been at least [[rapture]]d into [[heaven]], anticipating what would again occur with the [[Second Coming|second coming of Jesus Christ]]. Duncan also believed that some angels had sinned and fallen from Heaven, which caused them to become [[demon]]s. Duncan believed that such an upheaval would leave geological scars on the earth. The concept of [[ice age]]s, pioneered by [[Louis Agassiz]], seemed to provide evidence of such events, drawing the line between the pre-Adamic era and the modern one, which she posited began about 6,000 years ago.<ref name="Gould">{{cite book
|last=Gould
|first=Stephen Jay
|author-link=Stephen Jay Gould
|title=I Have Landed
|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]
|date=2011
|isbn=978-0-674-06162-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz_PSe5PexMC
|access-date=April 23, 2021
}}</ref>{{rp|142–144}}

In 1867, [[Buckner H. Payne]], writing under the pen name Ariel, published a pamphlet titled ''The Negro: What is His Ethnological Status?'' He insisted that all of the sons of [[Noah]] had been white. According to his hypothesis, if the [[Genesis flood narrative|Flood]] had been universal, the only survivors of it should have been white, so why were [[Person of color|non-white people]] living on Earth? To answer this question, Payne suggested that the "Negro" is a pre-Adamic humam of the field (specifically, a higher order which was preserved on [[Noah's Ark]]. According to Payne, the Pre-Adamites were a separate species without immortal souls.{{r|Kidd|p=149}}

The Irish lawyer [[Dominick McCausland]], a Biblical literalist and anti-Darwinian polemicist, maintained the theory in order to uphold the Mosaic timescale. He believed that the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] were descended from Cain and he also believed that the "[[Caucasian race]]" would eventually exterminate all other races. He also believed that only the "Caucasian" descendants of Adam were capable of creating [[civilization]], and he tried to explain away the existence of the numerous non-"Caucasian" civilizations by attributing all of them to a vanished "Caucasian race", the [[Hamites]].<ref>{{cite book
|first=Patrick
|last=Maume
|editor1-last=Adelman
|editor1-first=Juliana
|editor2-first=Eadaoin
|editor2-last=Agnew
|title=Science and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Ireland
|chapter=Dominick McCausland and Adam's Ancestors: an Irish Evangelical responds to the Scientific Challenge to Biblical Inerrancy
|location=Dublin
|publisher=[[Four Courts Press]]
|date=2011
|isbn=9781846822919
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RH4tgAACAAJ
|access-date=April 23, 2021
}}</ref>

In 1875, A. Lester Hoyle wrote a book, ''The Pre-Adamite, or who tempted Eve?'' In his book, he claimed that there had been five distinct creations of races, but only the fifth race, the white race, of which Adam was the father, had been made in God's own image and likeness.<ref name="Kidd">{{cite book
|last=Kidd
|first=Colin
|author-link=Colin Kidd
|title=The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600-2000
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|location=Cambridge
|date=2006
|isbn=978-0-521-79729-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNT3q1HjY_MC
|access-date=February 18, 2021
}}</ref>{{rp|150}} Hoyle further suggested that Cain was the "mongrel offspring" of Eve's being seduced by "an enticing Mongolian" with whom she had repeated trysts, thus laying the foundation for the white supremacist bio-theology that [[miscegenation]] was "an abomination".{{r|Livingstone-2011|p=197}}

In an unusual blend of contemporary evolutionary thinking and pre-Adamism, the [[Vanderbilt University]] [[Evolutionary creationism|theistic evolutionist]] and geologist [[Alexander Winchell (geologist)|Alexander Winchell]] argued in his 1878 tract, ''Adamites and Preadamites'', for the pre-Adamic origins of the human race, on the basis that the Negroes were too racially inferior to have been descended from the Biblical Adam. Winchell also believed that the laws of evolution operated according to the will of [[God]].<ref name="Smith">{{cite book
|last=Smith
|first=Christian
|author-link=Christian Smith (sociologist)
|title=The Secular Revolution
|publisher=[[University of California Press]]
|date=2003
|isbn=0-520-23000-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHHnv5FbzWgC
|access-date=April 23, 2021
}}</ref>{{rp|50}}

In 1891, William Campbell, under the pen name "Caucasian", wrote in ''Anthropology for the People: A Refutation of the Theory of the Adamic Origin of All Races'' that the non-white peoples were not the descendants of Adam and were therefore "not brothers in any proper sense of the term, but inferior creations" and he also wrote that [[polygenism]] was the "only theory reconcilable with scripture." Like Payne before him, Campbell viewed the [[flood geology|Great Flood]] as a consequence of [[Interracial marriage|intermarriage]] between the white (Adamic) and the nonwhite (pre-Adamic) peoples "the only union we can think of that is reasonable and sufficient to account for the corruption of the world and the consequent judgement."<ref name="Harvey">{{cite book
|last=Harvey
|first=Paul
|title=Freedom's Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South from the Civil War through the Civil Rights Era
|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]
|date=2005
|isbn=0-8078-2901-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSWbAAAAQBAJ
|access-date=April 23, 2021
}}</ref>{{rp|43}}

In 1900, Charles Carroll wrote the first of his two books on pre-Adamism, ''The Negro a Beast; or, In the Image of God'', in which he sought to revive the ideas which had previously been presented by Buckner H. Payne, describing the Negro as a literal ape rather than a human.<ref name="Kim">{{cite book
|last=Kim
|first=Claire Jean
|author-link=Claire Jean Kim
|title=Dangerous Crossings: Race, Species, and Nature in a Multicultural Age
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|date=2015
|isbn=9781316298978
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIiSBwAAQBAJ&q=charles%20carroll
|access-date=April 23, 2021
}}</ref> In a second book which was published in 1902, ''The Tempter of Eve'', he put forth the idea that the serpent was actually a black female, and he also theorized that [[miscegenation]] was the greatest of all sins.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Fredrickson
|first=George M.
|author-link=George M. Fredrickson
|title=The Black Image in the White Mind, the Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914
|date=1987
|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]
|isbn=0-8195-6188-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MB8Zmmm7L-wC
|access-date=April 23, 2021
}}</ref>{{rp|277}} Carroll claimed that the pre-Adamite races, such as blacks, did not have souls. He believed that race mixing was an insult to God because it spoiled His racial plan of creation, and he also believed that the mixing of races had led to the errors of [[atheism]] and [[evolution]].{{r|Kidd|p=150}}

The Scottish millennialist George Dickison wrote ''The Mosaic Account of Creation, As Unfolded in Genesis, Verified by Science'' in 1902. The book mixed science with a scientifically enhanced reading of Genesis and it also listed geological discoveries which showed that men existed before Adam had been created and proved that Earth was much older than the 6000-year-old span of the Adamic race. Dickison welcomed scientific discoveries from fossil evidence and the palaontological record and used them as evidence of pre-Adamism.{{r|Kidd|p=165–166}}

The idea that "lower races" are mentioned in the Bible (in contrast to Aryans) was posited in the 1905 book ''Theozoology: or The Science of the Sodomite Apelings and the Divine Electron'' by Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels, an Ariosophist and a volkisch writer who influenced Nazism.<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke">{{cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZzWRz9x8mwC |title=The Occult Roots of Nazism |publisher=New York University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8147-3060-4 |location= |page=x |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |access-date=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=x}}

The doctrine which is known as [[British Israelism]], which developed in [[England]] in the 19th century, also included a pre-Adamic worldview but Pre-Adamism was a minority position. The model viewed pre-Adamites as a race of inferior bestial creatures which was not descended from Adam, because according to it, Adam was the first white man and consequently, he was the first son of God. In the narrative, [[Satan]] seduces Eve, and the resulting offspring is a [[Serpent seed|hybrid creature]], Cain. Later, Cain flees to [[East Turkestan]] to establish a colony of followers who are intent on realizing the Devil's plan for domination of the earth. A further elaboration of this myth involved the identification of the [[Jews]] with the [[Canaanites]], the putative descendants of Cain, but the [[eponym]]ous ancestor of the Canaanites is not Cain, but [[Canaan]]. It followed that if the [[tribe of Judah|tribes of Judah]] were supposed to have intermarried with Cain's descendants, the Jews were both the offspring of Satan and the descendants of sundry nonwhite pre-Adamic races.{{r|Barkun|pp=150–172}}

In the United States, [[philo-Semitism|philo-Semitic]] British Israelism developed into the [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] [[Christian Identity]] movement and the [[serpent seed]] doctrine. Identity preacher [[Conrad Gaard]] wrote that the serpent was a "beast of the field" who was the father of Cain, and since Cain married a pre-Adamite, his descendants were a "mongrel, hybrid race".{{r|Barkun|pp=177–178}}