Editing Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (section)

== Genetics ==
{{further|Genetic history of the Middle East}}
[[File:JRSLM 300116 Yarmoukian figurines 01.jpg|thumb|Yarmukian figurines, [[Yarmukian culture]] (5500–5000 BC), Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]]Pre-Pottery Neolithic B fossils that were analysed for uniparentals via ancient DNA, were found to carry the Y-DNA (paternal) haplogroups [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] (2/7; ~29%), [[Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)|CT]] (2/7; ~29%), [[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|E(xE2,E1a,E1b1a1a1c2c3b1,E1b1b1b1a1,E1b1b1b2b)]] (1/7; ~14%), [[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T(xT1a1,T1a2a)]] (1/7; ~14%), and [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H2]] (1/7; ~14%). The CT clade was also observed in a Pre-Pottery Neolithic C specimen (1/1; 100%).<ref>{{Cite bioRxiv |biorxiv=10.1101/059311 |last=Lazaridis |first=Iosif |title=The genetic structure of the world's first farmers |date=17 June 2016 |display-authors=et al.}} – [http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2016/06/16/059311.DC1/059311-1.pdf Table S6.1 – Y-chromosome haplogroups]</ref> Maternally, the rare basal haplogroup [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N*]] has been found among skeletal remains belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B,<ref name=DNA>{{Cite journal |last=Fernández |first=Eva |display-authors=etal |date=2014 |title=Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 BC near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=10 |issue=6 |page=e1004401 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401 |pmc=4046922 |pmid=24901650 |doi-access=free }}</ref> as have the mtDNA clades [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3]]<ref name="DNA" /> and [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernández Domínguez |first=Eva |url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/35896 |title=Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea |date=16 December 2005 |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |isbn=9788468964799 |access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref>

DNA analysis has also confirmed ancestral ties between the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture bearers and the makers of the Epipaleolithic [[Iberomaurusian]] culture of North Africa,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van de Loosdrecht |display-authors=etal |date=2018-03-15 |title=Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) |volume=360 |issue=6388 |pages=548–552 |bibcode=2018Sci...360..548V |doi=10.1126/science.aar8380 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29545507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> the Mesolithic [[Natufian culture]] of the Levant, the [[Savanna Pastoral Neolithic]] culture of East Africa,<ref name=Skoglund>{{Cite journal |last=Skoglund |display-authors=etal |date=21 September 2017 |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |journal=Cell |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049 |pmc=5679310 |pmid=28938123}}</ref> the Early Neolithic [[Cardium pottery|Cardium]] culture of Morocco,<ref name=Fregel>{{Cite journal |last=Fregel |display-authors=etal |year=2018 |title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=115 |issue=26 |pages=6774–6779 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1800851115|biorxiv=10.1101/191569 |pmid=29895688 |pmc=6042094 |s2cid=214727201 |url= https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/02/20/191569.full.pdf |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.6774F }}</ref> and the [[Ancient Egypt]]ian culture of the Nile Valley,<ref>{{Cite journal |last= Schuenemann |first= Verena J. |display-authors=et al. |date=2017 |title= Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods |journal=Nature Communications |volume=8 |page=15694 |bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S |doi=10.1038/ncomms15694 |pmc=5459999 |pmid=28556824}}</ref> with fossils associated with these early cultures all sharing a common genomic West Eurasian/Near-Eastern component.<ref name="Fregel" /> A paper from 2021 would find that the Mesolithic Natufians cluster the closest with modern Saudi Arabians, Desert Bedouins and Yemenis. The Natufians were also close to, and ancestral to the ancient Levant PPNB/C and the later Levantine Bronze Age samples.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ferreira |first1=Joana C. |last2=Alshamali |first2=Farida |display-authors=etal |title=Projecting Ancient Ancestry in Modern-Day Arabians and Iranians: A Key Role of the Past Exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on Human Migrations |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=13 |issue=9 |date=September 2021 |page=evab194 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/9/evab194/6364187 |access-date=28 May 2024 |via=Oxford Academic |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab194 |doi-access=free |hdl=10216/154869 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Plastered Heads from Tell Aswad.jpg|thumb|PPNB Plastered Skulls, Tell Aswad]]
Mathieson et al. (2015) & Lazardis et al. (2016), discovered that the Levant Neolithic samples from PPNB to PPNC were a mix of a component related to Natufians, and another lineage related to [[Early European Farmers|Anatolian farmers]] from Barcin and Mentese.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Rollefson |first3=Gary |last4=Merrett |first4=Deborah C. |last5=Rohland |first5=Nadin |last6=Mallick |first6=Swapan |last7=Fernandes |first7=Daniel |last8=Novak |first8=Mario |last9=Gamarra |first9=Beatriz |last10=Sirak |first10=Kendra |last11=Connell |first11=Sarah |last12=Stewardson |first12=Kristin |last13=Harney |first13=Eadaoin |last14=Fu |first14=Qiaomei |last15=Gonzalez-Fortes |first15=Gloria |date=August 2016 |title=Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=536 |issue=7617 |pages=419–424 |doi=10.1038/nature19310 |pmid=27459054 |pmc=5003663 |bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mathieson |first1=Iain |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Rohland |first3=Nadin |last4=Mallick |first4=Swapan |last5=Patterson |first5=Nick |last6=Roodenberg |first6=Songül Alpaslan |last7=Harney |first7=Eadaoin |last8=Stewardson |first8=Kristin |last9=Fernandes |first9=Daniel |last10=Novak |first10=Mario |last11=Sirak |first11=Kendra |last12=Gamba |first12=Cristina |last13=Jones |first13=Eppie R. |last14=Llamas |first14=Bastien |last15=Dryomov |first15=Stanislav |date=2015-12-24 |title=Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians |journal=Nature |volume=528 |issue=7583 |pages=499–503 |doi=10.1038/nature16152 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=4918750 |pmid=26595274|bibcode=2015Natur.528..499M }}</ref> In another study from 2021, the populations of the PPNB Levant were modelled as having 60.5% Israel Natufian Epipaleolithic related ancestry, and 39.5% Turkey Barcin Neolithic ancestry. Later, geneticists in 2022 using 1.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), discovered that the ancient DNA of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia and Anatolia, showed that these populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to [[Anatolian hunter-gatherers|Anatolian]], [[Caucasus hunter-gatherer|Caucasus]], and Levantine hunter-gatherers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Alpaslan-Roodenberg |first2=Songül |last3=Acar |first3=Ayşe |last4=Açıkkol |first4=Ayşen |last5=Agelarakis |first5=Anagnostis |last6=Aghikyan |first6=Levon |last7=Akyüz |first7=Uğur |last8=Andreeva |first8=Desislava |last9=Andrijašević |first9=Gojko |last10=Antonović |first10=Dragana |last11=Armit |first11=Ian |last12=Atmaca |first12=Alper |last13=Avetisyan |first13=Pavel |last14=Aytek |first14=Ahmet İhsan |last15=Bacvarov |first15=Krum |date=2022-08-26 |title=Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq0762 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=377 |issue=6609 |pages=982–987 |doi=10.1126/science.abq0762 |pmid=36007054 |bibcode=2022Sci...377..982L |issn=0036-8075|hdl=20.500.12684/12352 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Altınışık, N Ezgi et al. (2022) studied 13 genomes from the PPNB at [[Cayonu]], Turkey, and found they were formed by an admixture event between western and eastern populations of early Holocene Southwest Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Altınışık |first=N. Ezgi |last2=Kazancı |first2=Duygu Deniz |last3=Aydoğan |first3=Ayça |last4=Gemici |first4=Hasan Can |last5=Erdal |first5=Ömür Dilek |last6=Sarıaltun |first6=Savaş |last7=Vural |first7=Kıvılcım Başak |last8=Koptekin |first8=Dilek |last9=Gürün |first9=Kanat |last10=Sağlıcan |first10=Ekin |last11=Fernandes |first11=Daniel |last12=Çakan |first12=Gökhan |last13=Koruyucu |first13=Meliha Melis |last14=Lagerholm |first14=Vendela Kempe |last15=Karamurat |first15=Cansu |date=2022-11-04 |title=A genomic snapshot of demographic and cultural dynamism in Upper Mesopotamia during the Neolithic Transition |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36332018/ |journal=Science Advances |volume=8 |issue=44 |pages=eabo3609 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abo3609 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=9635823 |pmid=36332018}}</ref>

In 2023, Xiaoran Wang and team found that their six genetically analyzed PPNB individuals, were having ancestry from Levantine Epipaleolithic, Anatolian Neolithic, [[Ganj Dareh|Iranian Neolithic]], and Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers. The PPNB in general exhibited strong evidence of gene flow from populations related to Anatolia compared to the earlier Natufian hunter-gatherers. PPN individuals from Ain Ghazal further to the north in Jordan had a stronger genetic affinity with Anatolia than the PPN of Ba'ja, although not significantly so.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xiaoran |last2=Skourtanioti |first2=Eirini |last3=Benz |first3=Marion |last4=Gresky |first4=Julia |last5=Ilgner |first5=Jana |last6=Lucas |first6=Mary |last7=Morsch |first7=Michael |last8=Peters |first8=Joris |last9=Pöllath |first9=Nadja |last10=Ringbauer |first10=Harald |last11=le Roux |first11=Petrus |last12=Schultz |first12=Michael |last13=Krause |first13=Johannes |last14=Roberts |first14=Patrick |last15=Stockhammer |first15=Philipp W. |date=2023-01-24 |title=Isotopic and DNA analyses reveal multiscale PPNB mobility and migration across Southeastern Anatolia and the Southern Levant |url=https://pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2210611120 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=120 |issue=4 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2210611120 |pmid=36649412 |bibcode=2023PNAS..12010611W |issn=0027-8424}}</ref>