Editing Presbyopia (section)

==Treatment==
In the visual system, images captured by the eye are translated into electric signals that are transmitted to the brain where they are interpreted. As such, in order to overcome presbyopia, two main components of the visual system can be addressed: image capturing by the optical system of the eye and image processing in the brain.

===Image capturing in the eye===
Solutions for presbyopia have advanced significantly in recent years due to widened availability of optometry care and over-the-counter vision correction options.

====Corrective lenses====
[[Corrective lenses]] provide vision correction over a range as high as +4.0 diopters. People with presbyopia require a convex lens for reading glasses; specialized preparations of convex lenses usually require the services of an optometrist.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16597675 |date=Apr 2006 |last1=Li |first1=G |last2=Mathine |last3=Valley |last4=Ayräs |last5=Haddock |last6=Giridhar |last7=Williby |last8=Schwiegerling |last9=Meredith |title=Switchable electro-optic diffractive lens with high efficiency for ophthalmic applications |volume=103 |issue=16 |pages=6100–4 |issn=0027-8424 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0600850103 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |first2=DL |first3=P |first4=P |first5=JN |first6=MS |first7=G |first8=J |first9=GR |last10=Kippelen |first10=B. |last11=Honkanen |first11=S. |last12=Peyghambarian |first12=N. |pmc=1458838|display-authors=8 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103.6100L |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Contact lenses]] can also be used to correct the focusing loss that comes along with presbyopia. [[Contact lens#Correction of refractive error|Multifocal contact lenses]] can be used to correct vision for both the near and the far. Some people choose contact lenses to correct one eye for near and one eye for far with a method called [[monovision]].

====Surgery====

[[Refractive surgery]] has been done to create multifocal corneas.<ref name=Kim2019/> PresbyLASIK, a type of multifocal corneal ablation [[LASIK]] procedure may be used to correct presbyopia. Results are, however, more variable and some people have a decrease in [[visual acuity]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pallikaris IG, Panagopoulou SI | title = PresbyLASIK approach for the correction of presbyopia | journal = Current Opinion in Ophthalmology | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 265–72 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26058023 | doi = 10.1097/icu.0000000000000162 | s2cid = 35434343 }}</ref> Concerns with refractive surgeries for presbyopia include people's eyes changing with time.<ref name=Kim2019>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Tae-im |last2=del Barrio |first2=Jorge L Alió |last3=Wilkins |first3=Mark |last4=Cochener |first4=Beatrice |last5=Ang |first5=Marcus |title=Refractive surgery |journal=The Lancet |date=May 2019 |volume=393 |issue=10185 |pages=2085–2098 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33209-4 |pmid=31106754|s2cid=4474834 }}</ref> Other side effects of multifocal corneal ablation include postoperative [[Glare (vision)|glare]], halos, ghost images, and monocular [[diplopia]].<ref name="RS">{{Cite book|last=Azar|first=Dimitri T.|title=Refractive surgery|publisher=Mosby / Elsevier|year=2007|isbn=978-0-323-03599-6|edition=2nd|location=Philadelphia|chapter=Terminology, classification, and history of refractive surgery| oclc=853286620}}</ref>

===Image processing in the brain===
A number of studies have claimed improvements in near visual acuity by the use of training protocols based on [[perceptual learning]] and requiring the detection of briefly presented low-contrast Gabor stimuli; study participants with presbyopia were enabled to read smaller font sizes and to increase their reading speed.<ref name="Lev, M. 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lev M, Ludwig K, Gilaie-Dotan S, et al  | date = 28 November 2014 | title = Training improves visual processing speed and generalizes to untrained functions | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | page = 7251 | doi = 10.1038/srep07251 | pmid = 25431233 | pmc = 4246693 | bibcode = 2014NatSR...4.7251L }}</ref><ref name="Polat, U. 2012">{{cite journal |vauthors = Polat U, Schor C, Tong J, Zomet A, Lev M, Yehezkel O, Sterkin A, Levi DM | date = 23 February 2012 | title = Training the brain to overcome the effect of aging on the human eye | journal = Scientific Reports  | volume = 2 | page = 278 | doi = 10.1038/srep00278 | pmid = 22363834 | pmc = 3284862 | bibcode = 2012NatSR...2..278P}}</ref><ref name="DeLoss, D. 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = DeLoss DJ, Watanabe T, Andersen GJ | year = 2014 | title = Optimization of perceptual learning: Effects of task difficulty and external noise in older adults | journal = Vision Research | volume = 99 | pages = 37–45 | doi = 10.1016/j.visres.2013.11.003 | pmid = 24269381 | pmc = 4029927}}</ref><ref name="Sterkin, A. 2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sterkin A, Levy Y, Pokroy R, Lev M, Levian L, Doron R, Yehezkel O, Fried M, Frenkel-Nir Y, Gordon B, Polat U | year = 2018 | title = Vision improvement in pilots with presbyopia following perceptual learning | journal = Vision Research | volume = 152 | issue = 152 | pages = 61–73 | doi = 10.1016/j.visres.2017.09.003 | pmid = 29154795 | s2cid = 20260936 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Eye drops ===
[[Pilocarpine]], eye drops that constrict the pupil, has been approved by the FDA for presbyopia.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moyer|first=Melinda Wenner|date=2021-12-14|
title=New Eye Drops Offer an Alternative to Reading Glasses|language=en-US|
work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/14/well/live/eye-drops-reading-glasses-fda.html|access-date=2021-12-15|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vuity |publisher=drugs.com |url= https://www.drugs.com/mtm/vuity.html|access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref> Research on other drugs is in progress.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dick|first1=HB|date=July 2019|title=Small-aperture strategies for the correction of presbyopia.|journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology|volume=30|issue=4|pages=236–242|doi=10.1097/ICU.0000000000000576|pmid=31033734|s2cid=139101960}}</ref>  Eye drops intended to restore lens elasticity are also being investigated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Korenfeld|first1=Michael S.|last2=Robertson|first2=Stella M.|last3=Stein|first3=Jerry M.|last4=Evans|first4=David G.|last5=Rauchman|first5=Steven H.|last6=Sall|first6=Kenneth N.|last7=Venkataraman|first7=Subha|last8=Chen|first8=Bee-Lian|last9=Wuttke|first9=Mark|last10=Burns|first10=William|date=29 January 2021|title=Topical lipoic acid choline ester eye drop for improvement of near visual acuity in subjects with presbyopia: a safety and preliminary efficacy trial|journal=Eye|volume=35|issue=12|pages=3292–3301|doi=10.1038/s41433-020-01391-z|pmc=8602643|pmid=33514891|doi-access=free}}</ref>