Editing Prince (section)

==Prince as a substantive title==

Other princes derive their title not from dynastic membership as such, but from inheritance of a title named for a specific and historical territory. The family's possession of prerogatives or properties in that territory might be long past. Such were most of the "princedoms" of France's ''[[ancien régime]]'', so resented for their pretentiousness in the memoirs of [[Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Saint-Simon|Saint-Simon]]. These included the princedoms of Arches-Charleville, Boisbelle-Henrichemont, Chalais, Château-Regnault, Guéménée, Martigues, Mercœur, Sedan, Talmond, Tingrey, and the "kingship" of Yvetot,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frprince.htm#list|title=The Rank/Title of Prince in France|first=Francois|last=Velde|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324220136/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frprince.htm#list|archive-date=24 March 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> among others.

===Prince as a reigning monarch===<!-- "reigning prince" redirects here, edit that redirect if editing this heading-->
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A prince or princess who is the [[head of state]] of a territory that has a [[monarchy]] as a [[form of government]] is a reigning prince.

====Extant principalities====
* The [[co-principality]] of [[Principality of Andorra|Andorra]] (current reigning princes are the [[President of the French Republic|French President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] and HE [[Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat]])
* The [[emir]]ate of [[Kuwait]] (current reigning emir is [[Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]])
* The [[principality]] of [[Liechtenstein]] (current reigning prince is [[Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Hans-Adam II]])
* The principality of [[Monaco]] (current reigning prince is [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Albert II]])
* The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] (current prince and Grand Master is [[John T. Dunlap]])
* The emirate of [[Qatar]] (current reigning emir is [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]])
* The member emirates of the [[federation]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (''United Arab Principalities''):
** [[Abu Dhabi]] (Emir [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], also President of the UAE)
** [[Ajman]] (Emir [[Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III|Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi]])
** [[Dubai]] (Emir [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], also Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE)
** [[Fujairah]] (Emir [[Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi]])
** [[Ras al-Khaimah]] (Emir [[Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi]])
** [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]] (Emir [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi|Sultan III bin Muhammad al-Qasimi]])
** [[Umm al-Quwain]] (Emir [[Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla]])

<gallery class="center">
File:Coat of arms of Andorra.svg|Coat of arms of the [[principality of Andorra]] (1607).
File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg|Coat of arms of the [[principality]] of [[Liechtenstein]] (1719).
File:Great coat of arms of the house of Grimaldi.svg|Coat of arms of the [[principality]] of [[Monaco]] (1297).
</gallery>

====Micronations====
In the same tradition, some self-proclaimed monarchs of so-called [[micronation]]s style themselves as princes:
* [[Roy Bates]] titled himself "Prince Roy" of the [[Principality of Sealand]]
* [[Leonard George Casley]] titled himself "Prince Leonard I" of the [[Principality of Hutt River]] (enclave in Australia)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hutt-river-province.com/PofHR_Naming.htm |title=Name focus |access-date=2008-04-08 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507102818/http://www.hutt-river-province.com/PofHR_Naming.htm |archive-date=2011-05-07 }}</ref>

====Prince exercising head of state's authority====
Various monarchies provide for different modes in which princes of the dynasty can temporarily or permanently share in the style and/or office of the monarch, e.g. as [[regent]] or [[viceroy]].

Though these offices may not be reserved legally for members of the ruling dynasty, in some traditions they are filled by dynasts, a fact which may be reflected in the style of the office, e.g. "[[Napoleon III#Prince-President (1848–1851)|prince-president]]" for [[Napoleon III]] as French [[head of state]] but not yet emperor, or "prince-lieutenant" in [[Luxembourg]], repeatedly filled by the [[crown prince]] before the grand duke's abdication, or in form of {{Lang|la|[[consortium imperii]]}}.

Some monarchies even have a practice in which the monarch can formally abdicate in favour of his heir and yet retain a kingly title with executive power, e.g. ''Maha Upayuvaraja'' ([[Sanskrit]] for ''Great Joint King'' in [[Cambodia]]), though sometimes also conferred on powerful regents who exercised executive powers.

===Non-dynastic princes===
[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Otto_von_Bismarck.svg|thumb|150px|Coat of arms of [[Otto von Bismarck|Otto, prince of Bismarck]] (German Empire).]]
In several countries of the European continent, such as France, prince can be an aristocratic title of someone having a high rank of [[nobility]] or as lord of a significant fief, but not ruling any actual territory and without any necessary link to the [[royal family]], such as Andora, which makes it difficult to compare with the British system of royal princes.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

==== France and the Holy Roman Empire ====
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The kings of France started to bestow the style of prince, as a title among the nobility, from the 16th century onwards. These titles were created by elevating a {{Lang|fr|seigneurie}} to the nominal status of a principality—although prerogatives of sovereignty were never conceded in the letters patent. Princely titles self-assumed by the {{Lang|fr|[[prince du sang|princes du sang]]}} and by the {{Lang|fr|[[prince étranger|princes étrangers]]}} were generally tolerated by the king and used at the royal court, outside the [[Parlement of Paris]]. These titles held no official place in the hierarchy of the nobility, but were often treated as ranking just below [[French peerage|ducal peerages]], since they were often inherited (or assumed) by ducal heirs:
* French titles of prince recognized by the king
** Holy Roman Empire states annexed by France
*** Arches-Charleville: in the [[Ardennes]] region, near the border with the Empire
*** Château-Renaud: near Arches-Charleville
*** [[Dombes]]: on the east bank of the [[Rhône]]
*** [[Principality of Orange|Orange]]
*** [[Sedan, France|Sedan]]: held by the [[Duchy of Bouillon|Dukes of Bouillon]]
** Ancient principalities seated in the Kingdom of France
*** Boisbelle, later Henrichemont: in the [[Berry (province)|Berry]] region, a sovereign principality recognized in 1598
*** Luxe: in the [[Béarn]] region, also styled ''Sovereign Count'' ([[cf.]] [[Graf#Gefürsteter Graf|Princely Count]])
*** Yvetot: in the [[Normandy]] region, recognized, nominally, as ''King of Yvetot''
** Principalities created by the King
*** [[Château-Porcien]]: in the [[Ardennes]] region, created in 1561 for the [[House of Croÿ]]
*** [[Prince of Guéméné|Guéméné]]: in [[Brittany]], created in 1667 for the [[House of Rohan]] (title borne by the Duke of Montbazon or his heir)
*** [[Joinville, Haute-Marne|Joinville]]: in the [[Champagne, France|Champagne]] region, created in 1552 for the [[House of Lorraine]]
*** [[Martigues]]: in the [[Provence]] region, created 16th century for [[cadet (genealogy)|cadets]] of the House of Lorraine
*** Mercœur: in the [[Auvergne (province)|Auvergne]] region, created in 1563 for cadets of the [[House of Lorraine]], later a duchy; recreated in 1719
*** Tingry: in the [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] region, created in 1587 for the [[House of Luxemburg]]
** The princes of [[prince of Condé|Condé]] and [[prince of Conti|Conti]], heads of [[cadet branch]]es of the French royal [[House of Bourbon]]: used recognized princely titles, but the lordships of Condé and Conti were never formally created principalities by the King
* Unrecognized titles of Prince
** Aigremont
** [[Anet]]: used by the Dukes of Vendôme, then the Dukes of Penthièvre
** [[Antibes]]: claimed by the de Grasse family
** [[Bédeille, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Bédeille]]: in [[Béarn]]
** [[Bidache]]: in Béarn used by the [[Duke of Gramont|Dukes of Gramont]], but the heir was usually styled Count of Guiche rather than Prince of Bidache
** [[Carency]]: in [[Artois]] (originally a lordship of the House of Bourbon, it was inherited by the Counts of La Vauguyon, who used the style of Prince of Carency for the heir)
** [[Chabanais]]: in [[Angoumois]]; reduced to a marquisate in 1702
** [[Chalais, Dordogne|Chalais]]: in [[Périgord]] (inherited by the elder branch of the [[Talleyrand]] family; Spanish [[Grandee]]ship attached to the title in 1714)
** [[Commercy]]: lordship of [[Lorraine]] (cadets of the [[House of Lorraine]] used the style of Prince of Commercy)
** Courtenay: the [[House of Courtenay]] legitimately descended from [[Louis VI of France]] but was not recognized as {{Lang|fr|princes du sang}} by France's kings. The last branch of the house used the style of Prince of Courtenay from the 17th century. The style passed to the Dukes of Bauffremont.
** [[Elbeuf]]: lordship of [[Normandy]] (younger sons of the [[House of Guise]] used the style of {{Lang|fr|prince d'Elbeuf}}; later a duchy)
** [[Lamballe]]: in [[Brittany]], used by the heir of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] Duke of Penthièvre
** [[Lambesc]]: in [[Provence]], used by various cadets of the House of Guise, notably by the heirs of the Dukes of Elbeuf
** [[Kingdom of León|Léon]]: viscountcy of [[Brittany]] (the heirs of the Dukes of Rohan used the style of Prince of Léon)
** Listenois: in [[Franche-Comté]], used by the Dukes of Bauffremont after the Courtenay inheritance
** [[Marcillac]]: in [[Angoumois]], used by the heir of the [[Duc de La Rochefoucauld|Duke de La Rochefoucauld]]
** Maubuisson: in [[Île-de-France]], used by the Dukes of Rohan-Rohan
** [[Montauban]]: in Brittany, used by various cadets of the [[House of Rohan]]
** [[Montbazon]]: a duchy of the House of Rohan, style of Prince of Montbazon used by various cadets of the House
** [[Mortagne-sur-Gironde|Mortagne]]: in [[Aquitaine]], used by the [[Duke of Richelieu|Dukes of Richelieu]]
** [[Poix-de-Picardie|Poix]]: in [[Picardy]], used by various families, twice raised to a duchy
** [[Pons]]: in [[County of Saintonge|Saintonge]], used by cadets of the House of Guise
** [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]]: used by cadets of the House of Rohan
** [[Soubise, Charente-Maritime|Soubise]]: used by head of the second branch of the House of Rohan, also Dukes of Rohan-Rohan
** [[Soyons]]: in [[Dauphiné]], used by cadets of the Dukes of Uzès
** Talmond: in [[Vendée]], used by the Dukes of [[La Trémoïlle]]
** [[Tonnay-Charente]]: used by the heirs of the Dukes of Mortemart
** [[Turenne]]: viscounty of the [[House of La Tour d'Auvergne]], style of Prince de Turenne used by cadets of the house
This can even occur in a monarchy within which an identical but real and substantive feudal title exists, such as ''{{Lang|de|[[Fürst]]}}'' in German. An example of this is:
* [[Otto von Bismarck]] was created [[Prince of Bismarck|Prince von Bismarck]] in the empire of reunited Germany, under the Hohenzollern dynasty.

==== Spain, France and Netherlands ====
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[[File:Duke of Wellington Arms.svg|thumb|115px|Coat of arms of the [[Prince of Waterloo|princes of Waterloo]] (the Netherlands).]]
In other cases, such titular princedoms are created in chief of an event, such as a treaty or a victory. Examples include:
* The Spanish minister [[Manuel Godoy]] was created ''Principe de la Paz'' ("Prince of Peace") by his king for negotiating the 1795 double peace treaty of Basilea, by which the revolutionary French republic made peace with Prussia and with Spain.
* The triumphant generals who led their troops to victory often received a [[victory title]] from Napoleon, both princely and ducal.
* King [[William I of the Netherlands]] bestowed the [[victory title]] of [[Prince of Waterloo]] upon [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington]] after his defeat of [[Napoleon I Bonaparte]] at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]] in 1815.
* [[Joseph Bonaparte]] conferred the title "Prince of Spain" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren in the male and female line.

==== Eastern Europe ==== 
[[File:Herb Pogon Litewska.jpg|thumb|150px|Coat of arms of the princes [[Pogoń Litewska|Sanguszko-Lubartowicz]] (Poland).]]

In the former [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], the titles of prince dated either to the times before the [[Union of Lublin]] or were granted to Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, as the law in Poland forbade the king from dividing nobility by granting them [[hereditary title]]s: see [[The Princely Houses of Poland]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

[[File:1597 Bielski Rus Voivodship.svg|thumb|150px|Coat of arms of [[Galicia-Volhynia]]n princes]]
In Ukraine, landlords and rulers of [[Kievan Rus']] were called князь (''[[Knyaz|knjazʹ]]''), translated as "prince". Similarly, foreign titles of "prince" were translated as ''knyaz'' in Ukrainian (e. g. [[Ivan Mazepa]], "knyaz of Holy Roman Empire"). Princes of [[Rurik Dynasty]] obeyed their oldest brother, who was taking the title of [[Grand Prince of Kiev]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kollmann |first=Nancy Shields |authorlink=Nancy Shields Kollmann |title=Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |year=1990 |volume=14 |pages=377–387}}</ref> In 14th their ruling role was taken by Lithuanian princes, which used the title of Grand Prince of Lithuania and Ruthenia.<ref>Between Two Worlds: A Comparative Study of the Representations of Pagan Lithuania in the Chronicles of the Teutonic Order and Rus'</ref> With the rise of cossacks, many former Ukrainian princes were incorporated into the new [[Cossack nobility]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

[[File:Armoiries de la famille Iousoupov (1799).jpg|thumb|250px| Coat of arms of the princes [[House of Yusupov|Youssoupoff]] ]]
In the Russian system, ''knyaz was'' the highest degree of official nobility. Members of older dynasties, whose realms were eventually annexed to the [[Russian Empire]], were also accorded the title of ''{{Lang|ru-Latn|knyazʹ}}''—sometimes after first being allowed to use the higher title of [[tsarevich]] (e.g. the Princes [[Gruzinsky]] and [[Sibirsky (surname)|Sibirsky]]).{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}