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Prison–industrial complex
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=== 2000s === Through the 2000s, the federal government continued outsourcing prison management to private facilities, while states varied in their approach to private incarceration. Between 1999 and 2010, six states began using private prisons, while nine states ended their private prison contracts. By 2010, the number of privately held state prisoners in the 30 practicing states ranged from a low of 5 in South Dakota to a high of 19,155 in Texas.<ref name=":2" /> Overall U.S. incarceration (prisons and jails) peaked in 2008 at 2,308,400 people, approximately 1% of the adult population.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kaeble|first1=Danielle|last2=Cowhig|first2=Mary|title=Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016|work=Bureau of Justice Statistics|url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus16.pdf|access-date=November 27, 2021|archive-date=November 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127191356/https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus16.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":29" /> A 2010 investigation by the [[United States Department of Justice]] found that Federal Prison Industries (the New Deal–era public-sector prison labor program, rebranded in 1977 as [[Federal Prison Industries|UNICOR]]) had routinely exposed federal inmates to toxic heavy metals, exported hazardous wastes to developing countries, and attempted to conceal evidence of unsafe working conditions from [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] inspectors.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Heather Ann|date=2012-09-01|title=The Prison Industrial Complex|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/new_labor_forum/v021/21.3.thompson.html|journal=New Labor Forum|volume=21|issue=3|pages=41–43|doi=10.4179/nlf.213.0000006|access-date=2014-10-29|s2cid=153936071|archive-date=May 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519191727/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/485678|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Grossman">{{cite journal|last=Grossman|first=Elizabeth|date=2005-11-21|title=Toxic Recycling|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/18737057|journal=Nation|volume=281|issue=17|pages=21–24|access-date=2014-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Levin|first=Myron|date=2010-10-21|title=Bureau of Prisons Unit Guilty of Pervasive Safety Violations, U.S. Investigation Finds|url=https://www.fairwarning.org/2010/10/bureau-of-prisons-unit-guilty-of-pervasive-safety-violations-u-s-investigation-finds/|access-date=2021-11-24|website=FairWarning|language=en-US|archive-date=November 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124230150/https://www.fairwarning.org/2010/10/bureau-of-prisons-unit-guilty-of-pervasive-safety-violations-u-s-investigation-finds/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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