Editing Progressive Era (section)

===Philanthropy===
The number of rich families climbed exponentially, from 100 or so millionaires in the 1870s to 4,000 in 1892 and 16,000 in 1916. Many subscribed to [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s credo outlined in ''[[The Gospel of Wealth]]'' that said they owed a duty to society that called for philanthropic giving to colleges, hospitals, medical research, libraries, museums, religion, and social betterment.<ref>[[Olivier Zunz]], ''Philanthropy in America: A History'' (2012) ch 1 [https://www.amazon.com/Philanthropy-America-History-Politics-Twentieth/dp/0691128367/ excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417135854/https://www.amazon.com/Philanthropy-America-History-Politics-Twentieth/dp/0691128367/ |date=April 17, 2020 }}</ref>

In the early 20th century, American philanthropy matured, with the development of very large, highly visible private foundations created by [[John D. Rockefeller|Rockefeller]] and Carnegie. The largest foundations fostered modern, efficient, business-oriented operations (as opposed to "charity") designed to better society rather than merely enhance the status of the giver. Close ties were built with the local business community, as in the "community chest" movement.<ref>Nikki Mandell, "Allies or Antagonists? Philanthropic Reformers and Business Reformers in the Progressive Era", ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era'' (2012), 11#1 71–117.</ref> The [[American Red Cross]] was reorganized and professionalized.<ref>Branden Little. "Review of Jones, Marian Moser, ''The American Red Cross from Clara Barton to the New Deal''" [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39722 H-SHGAPE, H-Net Reviews. August 2013, online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502011856/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39722 |date=May 2, 2015 }}</ref> Several major foundations aided the blacks in the South and were typically advised by [[Booker T. Washington]]. By contrast, Europe and Asia had few foundations. This allowed both Carnegie and Rockefeller to operate internationally with a powerful effect.<ref>Zunz, p. 42</ref>