Editing Project Athena (section)

== Contributing to the development of distributed systems ==
Athena was not a research project, and the development of new models of computing was not a primary objective of the project. Indeed, quite the opposite was true. MIT wanted a high-quality computing environment for education. The only apparent way to obtain one was to build it internally, using existing components where available, and augmenting those components with software to create the desired distributed system. However, the fact that this was a leading edge development in an area of intense interest to the computing industry worked strongly to the favor of MIT by attracting large amounts of funding from industrial sources.

Long experience has shown that advanced development directed at solving important problems tends to be much more successful than advanced development promoting technology that must look for a problem to solve.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Athena is an excellent example of advanced development undertaken to meet a need that was both immediate and important. The need to solve a "real" problem kept Athena on track to focus on important issues and solve them, and to avoid getting side-tracked into academically interesting but relatively unimportant problems.  Consequently, Athena made very significant contributions to the technology of distributed computing, but as a side-effect to solving an educational problem.

The leading edge system architecture and design features pioneered by Athena, using current terminology, include:
* [[Client–server]] model of distributed computing using three-tier architecture (see [[Multitier architecture]])
* [[Thin client]] (stateless) desktops
* System-wide security system ([[Kerberos (protocol)|Kerberos]] encrypted authentication and authorization)<ref name="Athena Network Services"/><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ebcc/5faac09f8b64f90bbbd73ce5c2a1cbfe4375.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507093514/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ebcc/5faac09f8b64f90bbbd73ce5c2a1cbfe4375.pdf|archive-date=2019-05-07|title=Kerberos: An Authentication Service for Open Network Systems |website=Semantic Scholar |first1=Jennifer G. |last1=Steiner|first2=Clifford|last2=Neuman|first3=Jeffrey I.|last3=Schiller|date=1988 |s2cid=222257682}}</ref><ref name="Building Internet Firewalls">{{cite book|title=Building Internet Firewalls: Internet and Web Security|url=https://archive.org/details/buildinginternet00zwic|url-access=registration|first1=Elizabeth D.|last1=Zwicky|first2=Simon|last2=Cooper|first3=D.|last3=Brent|date=26 Jun 2000|publisher=O'Reilly|isbn=978-1-56592-871-8 }}</ref>
* Naming service ([[Hesiod (name service)|Hesiod]])<ref name="Athena Network Services"/>
* [[X Window System]], widely used within the Unix community<ref name="Athena Network Services"/>
* X tool kit for easy construction of human interfaces
* [[Instant messaging]] ([[Zephyr (protocol)|Zephyr]] real time notification service)<ref name="Athena Network Services"/>
* System-wide use of a directory system
* Integrated system-wide maintenance system (Moira Service Management System)
* On-Line Help system (OLH)
* Public bulletin board system (Discuss)

Many of the design concepts developed in the "on-line consultant" now appear in popular help desk software packages.

Because the functional and system management benefits provided by the Athena system were not available in any other system, its use extended beyond the MIT campus.  In keeping with the established policy of MIT, the software was made available at no cost to all interested parties. Digital Equipment Corporation, having implemented Athena at various beta-test sites,<ref name="computerworld19900723_athena">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld2430unse/page/67/mode/1up | title=DEC to bring Athena from MIT | magazine=Computerworld | last1=Horwitt | first1=Elisabeth | date=23 July 1990 | access-date=4 March 2024 | pages=68 }}</ref> "productized" the software as DECAthena to make it more portable, and offered it along with support services to the market.  A number of academic and industrial organizations installed the Athena software. As of early 1992, 20 universities worldwide were using DECathena, with a reported 30 commercial organisations evaluating the product.<ref name="digitalnews19920120_decathena">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_digital-news_1992-01-20_7_2/page/n40/mode/1up | title=Savings Now, Standards Later | magazine=Digital News | date=20 January 1992 | access-date=24 November 2021 | last1=Osmundsen | first1=Sheila | pages=7–8,14 }}</ref>

The architecture of the system also found use beyond MIT.  The architecture of the [[Distributed Computing Environment]] (DCE) software from the Open Software Foundation was based on concepts pioneered by Athena.  Subsequently, the Windows NT network operating system from Microsoft incorporates Kerberos and several other basic architecture design features first implemented by Athena.<ref name="Athena Network Services"/>