Editing Psychological testing (section)

==Types==
There are several broad categories of psychological tests:

=== Achievement tests ===

[[Achievement test]]s assess an individual's knowledge in a subject domain. Some academic achievement tests are designed to be administered by a trained evaluator. By contrast, group achievement tests are often administered by a teacher. A score on an achievement test is believed to reflect the individual's knowledge of a subject area.<ref name=":1" />

There are generally two types of achievement tests, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests. Most achievement tests are [[Norm-referenced test|norm-referenced]]. The individual's responses are scored according to standardized protocols and the results can be compared to the results of a norming group.<ref name=":1" /> Norm-referenced tests can be used to underline individual differences, that is to say, to compare each test-taker to every other test-taker. By contrast, the purpose of [[Criterion-referenced test|criterion referenced achievement tests]] is ascertain whether the test-taker mastered a predetermined body of knowledge rather than to compare the test-taker to everyone else who took the test. These types of tests are often a component of a [[Mastery learning|mastery-based classroom]].<ref name=":1" />

The Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement is an example of an individually administered achievement test for students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Academic-Learning/Reading/Kaufman-Test-of-Educational-Achievement-%7C-Third-Edition/p/100000777.html |title=Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement {{!}} Third Edition |access-date=2020-07-10 |archive-date=2020-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710225054/https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Academic-Learning/Reading/Kaufman-Test-of-Educational-Achievement-%7C-Third-Edition/p/100000777.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Aptitude tests ===

Psychological tests have been designed to measure abilities, both specific (e.g., clerical skill like the Minnesota Clerical Test) and general abilities (e.g., traditional IQ tests such as the Stanford-Binet or the [[Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale]]). A widely used, but brief, aptitude test used in business is the [[Wonderlic Test]]. Aptitude tests have been used in assessing specific abilities or the general ability of potential new employees (the Wonderlic was once used by the NFL).<ref>NFL Wonderlic[https://www.test-guide.com/nfl-wonderlic-test-could-you-pass-it.html]</ref> Aptitude tests have also been used for career guidance.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aiken|first=Lewis R.|title=Tests and examinations: Measuring abilities and performance|publisher=Wiley|year=1998|isbn=9780471192633|oclc=37820003}}</ref>

Evidence suggests that aptitude tests like [[Intelligence quotient|IQ tests]] are sensitive to past learning and are not pure measures of untutored ability.<ref>Ceci, S. J. (1991). How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence. ''Developmental Psychology, 27'', 703–722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.703 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822164326/https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.703 |date=2022-08-22 }}</ref> The SAT, which used to be called the Scholastic Aptitude Test, had its named changed because performance on the test is sensitive to training.<ref>Lemann, N. (1999). ''The big test: The secret history of the American meritocracy''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</ref>

=== Attitude scales ===

An attitude scale assesses an individual's disposition regarding an event (e.g., a Supreme Court decision), person (e.g., a governor), concept (e.g., wearing face masks during a pandemic), organization (e.g., the Boy Scouts), or object (e.g., nuclear weapons) on a unidimensional favorable-unfavorable attitude continuum. Attitude scales are used in marketing to determine individuals' preferences for brands. Historically social psychologists have developed attitude scales to assess individuals' attitudes toward the United Nations and race relations.<ref>Brown, R. (1965). ''Social psychology''. New York: The Free Press.</ref> Typically [[Likert scale]]s are used in attitude research. Historically, the [[Thurstone scale]] was used prior to the development of the Likert scale. The Likert scale has largely supplanted the Thurstone scale.<ref name=":1"/>

=== Biographical Information Blank ===
The [[Biographical Information Blanks]] or BIB is a paper-and-pencil form that includes items that ask about detailed personal and work history. It is used to aid in the hiring of employees by matching the backgrounds of individuals to requirements of the job.

=== Clinical tests ===

The purpose of clinical tests is to assess the presence of symptoms of psychopathology .<ref name="Psychological Corporation">{{Cite book|last1=Beck|first1=A. T.|title=Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II|last2=Steer|first2=R. A.|last3=Brown|first3=G. K.|publisher=[[Psychological Corporation]]|year=1996|edition=2nd|location=San Antonio, TX}}</ref> Examples of clinical assessments include the [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory]] (MMPI), [[Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory|Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV]],<ref>Millon, T. (1994). ''Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III.'' Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.</ref> [[Child Behavior Checklist]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Achenbach|first1=T. M.|title=Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment|last2=Rescorla|first2=Leslie A.|date=2001|publisher=ASEBA|isbn=978-0938565734|location=Burlington, Vt|oclc=53902766}}</ref> [[Symptom Checklist 90]]<ref>Derogatis L. R. (1983). ''SCL90: Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual for the Revised Version.'' Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.</ref> and the [[Beck Depression Inventory]].<ref name="Psychological Corporation"/>

Many large-scale clinical tests are normed. For example, scores on the MMPI are rescaled such that 50 is the middlemost score on the MMPI Depression scale and 60 is a score that places the individual one standard deviation above the mean for depressive symptoms; 40 represents a symptom level that is one standard deviation below the mean.<ref>Ben-Porath, Y.-S., Tellegen, A. (2011). ''Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Manual of Administration-2-RF''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press</ref>

=== Criterion-referenced ===
A [[criterion-referenced test]] is an [[achievement test]] in a specific knowledge domain.<ref name=":1" /> An individual's performance on the test is compared to a criterion. Test-takers are not compared to each other. A passing score, i.e., the criterion performance, is established by the teacher or an educational institution. Criterion-referenced tests are part and parcel of [[Mastery learning|mastery based education]].

===Direct observation===

Psychological assessment can involve the observation of people as they engage in activities. This type of assessment is usually conducted with families in a laboratory or at home. Sometimes the observation can involve children in a classroom or the schoolyard.<ref>Reid, J. B., Eddy, J. M., Fetrow, R. A., & Stoolmiller, M. (1999). Description and immediate impacts of a preventive intervention for conduct problems. ''American Journal of Community Psychology'', 27, 483–517.</ref> The purpose may be clinical, such as to establish a pre-intervention baseline of a child's hyperactive or aggressive classroom behaviors or to observe the nature of parent-child interaction in order to understand a relational disorder.<ref>Waters, E., & Deane, K.E. (1985). Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood (pp. 41-65)''Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50'', 41-65.</ref> [[Observational methods in psychology#Time sampling|Time sampling]] methods are also part of direct observational research. The reliability of observers in direct observational research can be evaluated using [[Cohen's kappa]].
 
The Parent-Child Interaction Assessment-II (PCIA)<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Holigrocki | first1 = R. J | last2 = Kaminski | first2 = P. L. | last3 = Frieswyk | first3 = S. H. | year = 1999 | title = Introduction to the Parent-Child Interaction Assessment | journal = Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic | volume = 63 | issue = 3| pages = 413–428 | pmid = 10452199 }}</ref> is an example of a direct observation procedure that is used with school-age children and parents. The parents and children are video recorded playing at a make-believe zoo. The Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clark | first1 = R | year = 1999 | title = The Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment: A Factorial Validity Study | journal = Educational and Psychological Measurement | volume = 59 | issue = 5| pages = 821–846 | doi=10.1177/00131649921970161| s2cid = 146211674 }}</ref> is used to study parents and young children and involves a feeding and a [[puzzle]] task. The MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB)<ref>Bretherton, I., Oppenheim, D., Buchsbaum, H., Emde, R. N., & the MacArthur Narrative Group. (1990). ''MacArthur Story-Stem battery. ''Unpublished manual.</ref> is used to elicit narratives from children. The Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System-II<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Eyberg|first2=Sheila M.|title=The dyadic parent–child interaction coding system: Standardization and validation.|journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology|volume=49|issue=2|pages=245–250|doi=10.1037/0022-006x.49.2.245|year=1981|pmid=7217491}}</ref> tracks the extent to which children follow the commands of parents and ''vice versa'' and is well suited to the study of children with [[Oppositional defiant disorder|Oppositional Defiant Disorders]] and their parents.

=== Interest inventories ===
Psychological tests include interest inventories.<ref>Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). ''Psychological testing'' (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.</ref> These tests are used primarily for career counseling. Interest inventories include items that ask about the preferred activities and interests of people seeking career counseling. The rationale is that if the individual's activities and interests are similar to the modal pattern of activities and interests of people who are successful in a given occupation, then the chances are high that the individual would find satisfaction in that occupation. A widely used instrument is the [[Strong Interest Inventory]], which is used in career assessment, career counseling, and educational guidance.<ref>Donnay, D.A.C. (1997). E.K. Strong's legacy and beyond: 70 years of the Strong Interest Inventory. ''The Career Development Quarterly, 46''(1), 2–22. doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb00688.x</ref><ref>Blackwell, T., & Case, J. (2008|). Test Review - Strong Interest Inventory, Revised Edition. ''Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 51''(2), 122–26, doi:10.1177/0034355207311350</ref>

=== Neuropsychological tests ===
{{main|Neuropsychological test}}

Neuropsychological tests are designed to assess behaviors that are linked to brain structure and function. An examiner, following strict pre-set procedures, administers the test to a single person in a quiet room largely free of distractions.<ref name=":1" /> An example of a widely-used neuropsychological test is the [[Stroop effect|Stroop test]].

=== Norm-referenced tests ===

Items on [[norm-referenced test]]s have been tried out on a norming group and scores on the test can be classified as high, medium, or low and the gradations in between.<ref name=":1" /> These tests allow for the study of individual differences. Scores on norm-referenced achievement tests are associated with percentile ranks vis-á-vis other individuals who are the test-taker's age or grade.

=== Personality tests ===
{{main|Personality test}}

[[Personality test]]s assess constructs that are thought to be the constituents of personality. Examples of personality constructs include traits in the [[Big Five personality traits|Big Five]], such as introversion-extroversion and conscientiousness. Personality constructs are thought to be dimensional. Personality measures are used in research and in the selection of employees. They include self-report and observer-report scales.<ref>Ashton, M. C., (2017). ''Individual Differences and Personality'' (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.</ref> Examples of [[Norm-referenced test|norm-referenced]] personality tests include the [[Revised NEO Personality Inventory|NEO-PI]], the [[16PF Questionnaire]], the [[Occupational Personality Questionnaires]],<ref name="psychassess" /> and the Five-Factor Personality Inventory.<ref>Jolijn Hendriks, A.a., Hofstee, W.K.B, & De Raad, B. (1999). The Five-Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI). ''Personality and Individual Differences, 27''(2), 307-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00245-1</ref>

The [[International Personality Item Pool]] (IPIP) scales assess the same traits that the NEO and other personality scales assess. All IPIP scales and items are in the public domain and, therefore, are available free of charge.<ref>International Personality Item Pool. [https://ipip.ori.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820005343/https://ipip.ori.org/|date=2019-08-20}} Accessed July 14, 2020</ref>

=== Projective tests ===
{{main|Projective tests}}
Projective testing originated in the first half of the 1900s.<ref name="Wasserman">{{Cite book|last=John D.|first=Wasserman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Z_rgY-Qb-sC&q=nonverbal+assessment|title=Handbook of Nonverbal Assessment|publisher=Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers|year=2003|isbn=978-0-306-47715-7|editor=McCallum|editor-first=Steve R.|place=New York|chapter=Nonverbal Assessment of Personality and Psychopathology|access-date=20 November 2010|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Z_rgY-Qb-sC&q=nonverbal+%22personality+and+psychopathology%22&pg=PA283}}</ref> The idea animating projective tests is that the examinee is thought to project hidden aspects of his or her personality, including unconscious content, onto the ambiguous stimuli presented in the test. Examples of projective tests include [[Rorschach test]],<ref>Meyer, G.J., Hilsenroth, M.J., Baxter, D, Exner, J.E., Fowler, J. C., Piers, C.C., Resnick J. (2002). An examination of interrater reliability for scoring the Rorschach comprehensive system in eight data sets. ''Journal of Personality Assessment, 78''(2), 219–274. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7802_03.</ref> [[Thematic apperception test]],<ref>Murray, H. (1943). ''The Thematic Apperception Technique''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 223083.</ref> and the [[Draw-A-Person test]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murray|first=Henry A.|title=Thematic Apperception Test manual.|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1943|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=223083}}</ref> Available evidence, however, suggests that projective tests have limited validity.<ref>Lilienfeld, S.O., Wood, J.M., & Garb, H.N. (2000). The scientific status of projective techniques. ''Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 1''(2), 27–66. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.002. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.002</ref>

===Psychological symptom scales===
*[[Beck Depression Inventory|Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)]],<ref>Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). ''Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II'' San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation</ref> there is a fee to use the BDI.
*[[Beck Hopelessness Scale]],<ref>Beck A.T. (1988). ''Beck Hopelessness Scale''. Harcourt Assessment / The Psychological Corporation</ref> there is a fee to use the scale.
* Bortner Type A Scale<ref>Bortner, R.W., Gallacher, J.E.J., Sweetnam, P.M., Yarnell, J.W.G., Elwood, P.C., & Stansfeld, S.A. (2003). Bortner Type A Scale. ''Psychosomatic Medicine. 65'', 339-346.</ref>
* [[Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale]] (CES-D)<ref>Radloff, L.S.(1977).The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. ''Applied Psychological Measurement, 1'', 385–401.</ref><ref>Cole, J. C., Rabin, A. S., Smith, T. L., & Kaufman, A. S. (2004). Development and validation of a Rasch-derived CES-D short form. ''Psychological Assessment, 16'', 360 –372. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.4.360</ref>
* [[Children's Depression Inventory]] (CDI & CDI-2)<ref>Kovacs, M. (1992). ''Children's Depression Inventory''. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems</ref><ref>Kovacs, M. (2014). ''Children's Depression Inventory'', 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson</ref>
* [[DASS (psychology)|Depression Anxiety Stress Scales]] (DASS)<ref>Lovibond, S.H., & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). ''Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales'' (2nd. Ed.).  Sydney: Psychology Foundation.</ref>
* [[General Health Questionnaire]] (GHQ)<ref>Goldberg, D.P. (1972). ''The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire''. Maudsley Monograph No. 21. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>
* [[Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7|Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale]] (GAD-7)<ref>Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. ''Archives of Internal Medicine, 166'', 1092–1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092</ref>
* [[Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety]] (HAM-A) Unlike most other psychological symptom scales listed in this section, clinicians use this scale to help evaluate the mental health of people, usually under treatment, who have been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder; it is ''not'' used with the general population samples.<ref>Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. ''British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32,'' 50–55. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x</ref>
* [[Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression]] (HAM-D) Unlike most other psychological symptom scales listed in this section, clinicians use this scale to help evaluate the mental health of people, usually under treatment, who have been diagnosed with a depressive disorder; it is ''not'' used with the general population samples.<ref>Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. ''Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23''(1), 56–62. doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56</ref><ref>Hamilton, M. (1980). Rating depressive patients. ''Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41''(12 Pt 2), 21–24.</ref>
* Harburg Anger-In/Anger-Out Scale<ref>Harburg, E., Erfurt, J.C., Hauenstein, L.S., Chape, C., Schull, W.J., & Schork, M.A. (1973). Socio-ecological stress, suppressed hostility, skin color, and black-white male blood pressure: Detroit. ''Psychosomatic Medicine, 35'', 276–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.2.293</ref><ref>Harburg, E., Blakelock, E. H., & Roeper, P. J. (1979). Resentful and reflective coping with arbitrary authority and blood pressure: Detroit. ''Psychosomatic Medicine, 41'', 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197905000-00002</ref>
* Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL)<ref>Derogatis, L.R., Lipman, R.S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E.H. & Covi, L. (1974). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. ''Behavioral Science, 19'', 1-15.</ref>
* [[Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale]] (HADS)<ref>Zigmond, A.S., & Smith, R.P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. ''Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67'', 361-370.</ref>
* [[Jenkins activity survey|Jenkins Activity Survey]] (JAS)<ref>Jenkins, D.C., Hames, C.G., Zyanski, S.J., Rosenman, R.H., & Friedman, M. (1969). Psychological traits and serum lipids. ''Psychosomatic Medicine, 31''(2), 115–128. doi:10.1097/00006842-196903000-00004</ref> Assesses Type A/B behavior
* Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6 and K10, 6- and 10-item symptom scales)<ref>Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L. T.,... Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. ‘’Psychological Medicine, 32’’, 959 –976. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1017/S0033291702006074</ref><ref>Furukawa, T.A., Kessler, R.C., Slade, T., & Andrews, G. (2003). The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. ''Psychological Medicine, 33''(2), 357-362. doi:10.1017/s0033291702006700.</ref> 
* Midtown Study Screening Instrument<ref>Langner, T.S. (1962). A twenty-two item screening score of psychiatric symptoms indicating impairment. ''Journal of Health and Human Behaviour 3'', 269-276.</ref><ref>Srole, L., Langner, T.S., Michael, S.T., Opler, M.K. & Rennie, T.A.C. (1962). ''Mental health in the metropolis''. McGraw-Hill: New York.</ref>
* Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI)<ref>Siegel, J.M. (1986). The Multidimensional Anger Inventory. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51''(1), 191-200.</ref>
* [[Occupational Depression Inventory]]<ref>Bianchi, R., & Schonfeld, I. S. (2020). The Occupational Depression Inventory: A new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists. ''Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 138'', Article 110249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110249</ref><ref>Schonfeld, I. S., & Bianchi, R. (2022). Distress in the workplace: Characterizing the relationship of burnout measures to the Occupational Depression Inventory. ''International Journal of Stress Management, 29'', 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000261</ref>
* [[Perceived Stress Scale]]<ref>Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. ''Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24''(4), 385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404</ref>
* [[PHQ-9|Patient Health Questionnaire&ndash;nine-item depression scale]] (PHQ-9)<ref>Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L., & Williams, J.B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. ''Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16''(9), 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x </ref><ref>Kroenke, K. & Spitzer, R.L. (2002). The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. ''Psychiatric Annals, 32'', 509-515.</ref>
* Penn State Worry Questionnaire<ref>Stöber, J., & Bittencourt, J. (1998). Weekly assessment of worry: an adaptation of the Penn state worry questionnaire for monitoring changes during treatment. ‘’Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36’’(6), 645–656. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00031-X</ref>
* [[Positive and Negative Affect Schedule]] (PANAS)<ref>Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54''(6), 1063–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063</ref>
* [[Profile of Mood States]] (POMS)<ref>Lorr, M., McNair, D. M., & Fisher, S. (1982). Evidence for bipolar mood states. ''Journal of Personality Assessment, 46''(4), 432–436. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4604_16</ref>
* Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview (PERI)<ref>Dohrenwend, B.P., Shrout, P.E., Ergi, G.E. & Mendelsohn, F.S. (1980). Measures of non-specific psychological distress and other dimensions of psychopathology in the general population. ''Archives of General Psychiatry 37'', 1229-1236.</ref>
* Psychosomatic Complaints Scale<ref>Fried, Y., & Tiegs, R. B. (1993). The main effect model versus buffering model of shop steward social support: A study of rank-and-file auto workers in the USA. ''Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14''(5), 481–493. doi:10.1002/job.4030140509</ref><ref>Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Harrison, R. V., & Pinneau, S. R. (1980). ''Job demands and worker health: Main effects and occupational differences''. Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.</ref>
* Psychotic Symptoms Subscale <ref>Mojtabai, R., Corey-Lisle, P. K., Ip, E. H.-S., Kopeykina, I., Haeri, S., Cohen, L. J., Shumaker, S., Mojtabai, R., Corey-Lisle, P. K., Ip, E. H.-S., Kopeykina, I., Haeri, S., Cohen, L. J., & Shumaker, S. (2012). Psychotic Symptoms Subscale. [Subscale from: Patient Assessment Questionnaire]. ''Psychiatry Research, 200''(2-3), 857–866.</ref>
* PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)<ref>Weathers, F.W., Litz, B.T., Keane, T.M., Palmieri, P.A., Marx, B.P., & Schnurr, P.P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for ''DSM-5'' (PCL-5). National Center for PTSD. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/ptsd-checklist.asp</ref>
* [[Rosenberg self-esteem scale|Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale]]<ref>Rosenberg, M. (1965). ''Society and the adolescent self-image''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press</ref> Although first designed for adolescents, the scale has been extensively used with adults.<ref>Spector, P.E., & Jex, S.M. (1995). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory, and Physical Symptoms Inventory. ''Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,3''(4), 356-367. doi:10.1037//1076-8998.3.4.356</ref><ref>Low, C. A., Matthews, K. A., Kuller, L. H., & Edmundowicz, D. (2011). Psychosocial predictors of coronary artery calcification progression in postmenopausal women. ''Psychosomatic Medicine, 73''(9), 789–794. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318236b68a</ref>
* [[UCLA Loneliness Scale]]<ref>Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. ''Journal of Personality Assessment, 42''(3), 290–294. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11</ref><ref>Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39''(3), 472–480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472</ref>
* [[Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale]]<ref>Zung, W. W. (1971). A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. ''Psychosomatics, 12'', 371–379.</ref>
* [[Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale]]<ref>Zung, W. W. (1965). A self-rating depression scale. ''Archives of General Psychiatry, 12'', 63–70. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008</ref>

=== Public safety employment tests ===
Vocations within the public safety field (e.g., fire service, law enforcement, corrections, emergency medical services) are often required to take [[Industrial and Organizational Psychology|industrial or organizational psychological]] tests for initial employment and promotion. The [[National Firefighter Selection Inventory]], the [[National Criminal Justice Officer Selection Inventory]], and the [[Integrity Inventory]] are prominent examples of these tests.<ref>Public Safety Self Assessment. National Testing Network. [https://nationaltestingnetwork.com/publicsafetyjobs/index.cfm?mode=page/faq-pssa]</ref><ref>National Firefighter Selection Inventory Technical Report, 2011, I/O Solutions, Inc., Westchester, Illinois 60154
[https://iosolutions.com/national-firefighter-selection-inventory-nfsi/]</ref><ref>National Criminal Justice Officer Selection Inventory Squared [https://iosolutions.com/national-criminal-justice-officer-selection-inventory-ncjosi2/]</ref><ref>Integrity Inventory [https://iosolutions.com/integrity-inventory-i2/]</ref>