Editing Pyramidal tracts (section)

==Clinical significance==
{{See|Pyramidal signs}}
# Damage to the fibres of the corticospinal tracts, anywhere along their course from the cerebral cortex to the lower end of the spinal cord, can cause an [[upper motor neuron syndrome]]. 
# A few days after the injury to the upper motor neurons, a pattern of motor signs and symptoms appears, including [[spasticity]], hyperactive reflexes, a loss of the ability to perform [[dexterity|fine movements]], and an [[extensor]] [[plantar]] response known as the [[Babinski sign]].<ref>{{cite book|title = Neuroscience|date = 2001|publisher = Sinauer Assoc.|location = Sunderland, Mass|isbn = 0-87893-742-0|pages = Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome|edition = 2.|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10898/|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180503163021/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10898/|archive-date = 2018-05-03}}</ref> 
# Symptoms generally occur alongside other sensory problems. 
# Causes may include disorders such as [[stroke]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Topcuoglu |first1=MA |last2=Saka |first2=E |last3=Silverman |first3=SB |last4=Schwamm |first4=LH |last5=Singhal |first5=AB |title=Recrudescence of Deficits After Stroke: Clinical and Imaging Phenotype, Triggers, and Risk Factors. |journal=JAMA Neurology |date=1 September 2017 |volume=74 |issue=9 |pages=1048–1055 |doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1668 |pmid=28783808|pmc=5710180 }}</ref> [[cerebral palsy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vitrikas |first1=K |last2=Dalton |first2=H |last3=Breish |first3=D |title=Cerebral Palsy: An Overview. |journal=American Family Physician |date=15 February 2020 |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=213–220 |pmid=32053326}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Farag |first1=Sara M. |last2=Mohammed |first2=Manal O. |last3=EL-Sobky |first3=Tamer A. |last4=ElKadery |first4=Nadia A. |last5=ElZohiery |first5=Abeer K. |title=Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy |journal=JBJS Reviews |date=March 2020 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=e0119 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119 |pmid=32224633|pmc=7161716 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[subdural hemorrhage]], [[abscess]]es and [[tumour]]s, neurodegenerative diseases such as [[multiple system atrophy]], inflammation such as [[meningitis]] and [[multiple sclerosis]], and trauma to the spinal cord, including from [[spinal disc herniation|slipped discs]].<ref name="HARRISONS2008">{{cite book|editor-first1=Anthony S. |editor-last1=Fauci |editor-first2=T. R. |editor-last2=Harrison|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine|date=2008|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-147692-8|pages=147–149|edition=17th}}</ref>
# If the [[corticobulbar tract]] is damaged on only one side, then only the lower face will be affected, however if there is involvement of both the left and right tracts, then the result is [[pseudobulbar palsy]]. This causes problems with swallowing, speaking, and [[emotional lability]].<ref name="HARRISONS2008" />
# Severe disabling involuntary movements such as [[hemiballismus]] or severe [[chorea]] might exhaust the patient and become a life-threatening situation. 
# In the past, this condition was treated by partial section of the pyramidal tract either at the [[primary motor cortex]] or at the [[cerebral crus]] (pedunculotomy).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6CMiJ3XincC&q=neuroanatomy+william+demyer|title=Neuroanatomy|last=DeMyer|first=William|date=1998|publisher=Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683300758|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303110819/https://books.google.co.th/books?id=Y6CMiJ3XincC&dq=neuroanatomy+william+demyer&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj9pWt9M7ZAhUBppQKHatODk4Q6AEIJzAA|archive-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>