Editing Pyrene (section)

==Safety and environmental factors==
Although it is not as problematic as [[benzopyrene]], [[animal studies]] have shown pyrene is [[toxic]] to the [[kidneys]] and [[liver]]. It is now known that pyrene affects several living functions in fish and algae.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveira|first1=M.|last2=Ribeiro|first2=A.|last3=Hylland|first3=K.|last4=Guilhermino|first4=L.|title=Single and combined effects of microplastics and pyrene on juveniles (0+ group) of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae)|journal=Ecological Indicators|volume=34|pages=641–647|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.06.019|year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveira|first1=M.|last2=Gravato|first2=C.|last3=Guilhermino|first3=L.|title=Acute toxic effects of pyrene on Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae): Mortality, biomarkers and swimming performance|journal=Ecological Indicators|volume=19|pages=206–214|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.08.006|year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveira|first1=M.|last2=Ribeiro|first2=A.|last3=Guilhermino|first3=L.|title=Effects of exposure to microplastics and PAHs on microalgae Rhodomonas baltica and Tetraselmis chuii|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology|volume=163|pages=S19–S20|doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.062|year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveira|first1=M.|last2=Ribeiro|first2=A.|last3=Guilhermino|first3=L.|title=Effects of short-term exposure to microplastics and pyrene on Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae)|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology|volume=163|pages=S20|doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.063|year=2012}}</ref>

Its biodegradation has been heavily examined.  The process commences with dihydroxylation at each of two kinds of CH=CH linkages.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3390/ijerph6010278|doi-access=free|title=Bacterial Degradation of Aromatic Compounds|year=2009|last1=Seo|first1=Jong-Su|last2=Keum|first2=Young-Soo|last3=Li|first3=Qing|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=6|issue=1|pages=278–309|pmid=19440284|pmc=2672333}}</ref> Experiments in pigs show that urinary [[1-hydroxypyrene]] is a metabolite of pyrene, when given orally.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3109/00498258309052279|pmid=6659544|title=Identification of 1-hydroxypyrene as a major metabolite of pyrene in pig urine|journal=Xenobiotica|volume=13|issue=7|pages=415–20|year=1983|last1=Keimig|first1=S. D.|last2=Kirby|first2=K. W.|last3=Morgan|first3=D. P.|last4=Keiser|first4=J. E.|last5=Hubert|first5=T. D.}}</ref>