Editing Quiet Revolution (section)

==Historiography==
Several historians have studied the Quiet Revolution, presenting somewhat different interpretations of the same basic facts.  For example,  Cuccioletta and Lubin raised the question of whether it was an unexpected revolution or an inevitable evolution of society.<ref>Donald Cuccioletta and Martin Lubin. "The Quebec quiet revolution: a noisy evolution." ''Quebec Studies'' (2003) 36#1 pp: 125-138.</ref> [[Michael Behiels|Behiels]] asked, how important are economic factors such as outside control of Québec's finance  and industry? Was the motivating force one of liberalism or one of nationalism?<ref>{{cite book |author=Michael D. Behiels |title=Prelude to Quebec's Quiet Revolution: Liberalism vs Neo-Nationalism, 1945–60 |publisher=[[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year=1985 }}</ref> Gauvreau raised the issues of religious factors, and of the changes going on inside the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz7uyc94sUYC |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |title=Catholic Origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, 1931-1970 |isbn=9780773528741 |date=2005-11-14 }}</ref> Seljak felt that the Catholic Church could have responded with a more vocal opposition.<ref>{{cite journal |author=David Seljak |title=Why the quiet revolution was 'Quiet': the Catholic church's reaction to the secularization of nationalism in Quebec after 1960 |journal=Historical Studies |year=1996 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=109–124 |url=http://www.cchahistory.ca/journal/CCHA1996/Seljak.pdf }}</ref>

===A revolution or a natural course of action? ===

Modern Québec historians have brought some nuance to the importance of the Quiet Revolution. Though the improvements made to Québec society during this era make it seem like an extremely innovative period, it has been posited that these changes follow a logical revolutionary movement occurring throughout the Western world in the 1960s. Québec historian {{interlanguage link|Jacques Rouillard|fr}} took this [[historical revisionism|revisionist]] stance in arguing that the Quiet Revolution may have accelerated the natural evolution of Quebec's francophone society rather than having turned it on its head.<ref name="Jacques Rouillard">{{cite web|url=http://www.hst.umontreal.ca/U/rouillard/revolutionrupture.htm |title=La révolution tranquille, rupture ou tournant? |author=Jacques Rouillard |date=Winter 1998 |volume=32 |issue=4 |publisher=Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d’études canadiennes |access-date=September 22, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514054757/http://www.hst.umontreal.ca/U/rouillard/revolutionrupture.htm |archive-date=May 14, 2008 }}</ref>

Several arguments support this view. From an economic perspective, Quebec's manufacturing sector had seen important growth since the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Buoyed by significant manufacturing demand during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], the Québec economy was already expanding before the events of the Quiet Revolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hst.umontreal.ca/U/rouillard/revolutionrupture.htm |title=La révolution tranquille, rupture ou tournant? Section 1 |author=Jacques Rouillard |date=Winter 1998 |work=32:4 |publisher=Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d’études canadiennes |access-date=September 22, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514054757/http://www.hst.umontreal.ca/U/rouillard/revolutionrupture.htm |archive-date=May 14, 2008 }}</ref>

Rouillard also argues that traditional portrayals of the Quiet Revolution falsely depict it as the rise of [[Liberalism in Canada|Liberalism in Québec]]. He notes the popularity enjoyed by federal Liberal Prime Minister [[Sir Wilfrid Laurier]] as well as the Premiership of {{lang|fr|[[Adélard Godbout]]|italic=no}} as examples of Québec Liberalism prior to the events of the Quiet Revolution. The {{lang|fr|Godbout|italic=no}} administration was extremely innovative. Its achievements include nationalizing the electricity distribution network of the city of Montreal, granting universal suffrage, instituting mandatory schooling until the age of 14 and establishing various social programs in Québec.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hst.umontreal.ca/U/rouillard/revolutionrupture.htm |title=La révolution tranquille, rupture ou tournant? Section 2 |author=Jacques Rouillard |date=Winter 1998 |volume=32 |issue=4 |work=Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d’études canadiennes |access-date=September 22, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112200807/http://www.hst.umontreal.ca/U/rouillard/revolutionrupture.htm |archive-date=November 12, 2010 }}</ref>

The perception of the Quiet Revolution as a great upheaval in Québec society persists, but the revisionist argument that describes this period as a natural continuation of innovations already occurring in Québec cannot be omitted from any discussion on the merits of the Quiet Revolution.<ref name="Jacques Rouillard"/> The historiography of the period has been notably explored by Ronald Rudin, who describes the legacy of the {{lang|fr|Lesage|italic=no}} years in the depiction of what preceded them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rudin |first1=Ronald |title=Revisionism and the Search for a Normal Society: A Critique of Recent Quebec Historical Writing |journal=[[Canadian Historical Review]] |date=March 1992 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=30–61 |doi=10.3138/chr-073-01-02 |s2cid=144929356 }}</ref> Though criticized as apologists for {{lang|fr|Duplessis|italic=}}, Robert Rumilly and Conrad Black did add complexity to the narrative of neo-nationalists by contesting the concept of a {{lang|fr|Grande Noirceur}}, the idea that Duplessis's tenure in office was one of reactionary policies and politics.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rumilly|first1=Robert|title=Maurice Duplessis et son temps, Tome II |date=1978 |publisher=Fides |location=Montreal }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Conrad |title=Duplessis |url=https://archive.org/details/duplessis0000blac_e9g5|url-access=registration |date=1977 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart |location=Toronto |isbn=9780771015304 }}</ref> Dale Thomson, for his part, noted that {{lang|fr|Jean Lesage|italic=npo}}, far from seeking to dismantle the traditional order, negotiated a transition with (and sought to accommodate) Québéc's Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomson |first1=Dale |title=Jean Lesage and the Quiet Revolution |date=1984 |publisher=Macmillan |location=Toronto }}</ref> Several scholars have lately sought to mediate the neo-nationalist and revisionist schools by looking at grassroots Catholic activism and the Church's involvement in policy-making.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gauvreau |first1=Michael |title=The Catholic Origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, 1931–1970 |date=2005 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal/Kingsto n}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lacroix |first1=Patrick |title=Immigration, Minority Rights, and Catholic Policy-Making in Post-War Canada |journal=Histoire Sociale/Social History |date=May 2014 |volume=47 |issue=93 |pages=183–203 |doi=10.1353/his.2014.0016 |s2cid=141037057 }}</ref>

====Federal politics ====

Politics at the federal level were also in flux. In 1957, the federal government passed the [[Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act]]. This was, effectively, the beginning of a pan-Canadian system of [[publicly funded health care]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |first1=Ann |last1=Silversides |title=Conversations with Champions of Medicare |location=Ottawa |publisher=Canadian Federation of Nurses Unions |year=2007 |page=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmc=1829926 |title=The Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act: Its Impact on Hospital Administration |author=J. Gilbert Turner |date=May 15, 1958 |publisher=Canadian Medical Association Journal |pages=768–70 |pmid=13523526 |volume=78 |issue=10 |journal=Can Med Assoc J}}</ref> In 1961, Prime Minister Diefenbaker instituted the [[National Hospital Insurance Plan]], the first public health insurance plan adhered to by all the provinces. In 1966, the National Medicare program was created.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Federal politics were further influenced by the election of {{lang|fr|[[Pierre Elliot Trudeau]]|italic=no}} in 1968.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Gordon |last1=Robertson |title=Memoirs of a Very Civil Servant: Mackenzie King to Pierre Trudeau |location=Ottawa |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2007 |page=253 }}</ref> The rise to power of arguably Canada's most influential Prime Minister was unique in Canadian politics. The charisma and charm he displayed throughout his whirlwind campaign swept up much of the country in what would be referred to as [[Trudeaumania]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Gordon |last1=Robertson |title=Memoirs of a Very Civil Servant: Mackenzie King to Pierre Trudeau |location=Ottawa |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2007 |page=254 }}</ref> Before the end of the 1960s, Trudeau would pass the [[Official Languages Act (Canada)|Official Languages Act]] (1969), which aimed to ensure that all federal government services were available in both of Canada's official languages.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Gordon |last1=Robertson |title=Memoirs of a Very Civil Servant: Mackenzie King to Pierre Trudeau |location=Ottawa |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2007 |pages=259–261 }}</ref> By the end of the 1960s, Trudeau had also passed legislation [[LGBTQ rights in Canada|decriminalizing homosexuality]] and certain types of [[abortion in Canada|abortion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/topics/538/ |title=Trudeau's Omnibus Bill: Challenging Canadian Taboos |date=December 21, 1967 |publisher=[[CBC Digital Archives]] |access-date=September 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite DCB |last=English |first=John |title=Trudeau, Pierre Elliott  |volume=22 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/trudeau_pierre_elliott_22E.html }}</ref>

====Municipal politics ====

Montreal municipal politics were also going through an important upheaval. {{lang|fr|[[Jean Drapeau]]|italic=no}} became Montreal mayor on October 24, 1960.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Benoît |last1=Gignac |title=Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville |location=Montréal |publisher=La Presse |year=2009 |page=105 }}</ref> Within the first few years of his tenure, Drapeau oversaw a series of infrastructure projects, including the expansion of Dorval airport (now [[Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport]]), the opening of the [[Champlain Bridge, Montreal|Champlain bridge]] and the renaissance of [[Old Montreal]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Benoit |last1=Gignac |title=Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville |location=Montréal |publisher=La Presse |year=2009 |page=108 }}</ref> He also oversaw the construction and inauguration of {{lang|fr|[[Place des Arts]]|italic=no}}.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Benoit |last1=Gignac |title=Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville |location=Montréal |publisher=La Presse |year=2009 |page=111 }}</ref> Drapeau was also instrumental in the construction of the [[Montreal metro]] system,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Benoit |last1=Gignac |title=Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville |location=Montréal |publisher=La Presse |year=2009 |page=122 }}</ref> which was inaugurated on October 14, 1966.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Benoit |last1=Gignac |title=Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville |location=Montréal |publisher=La Presse |year=2009 |page=127 }}</ref> Under Drapeau, Montreal was awarded the 1967 International and Universal Exposition ([[Expo 67]]), whose construction he oversaw.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Benoit |last1=Gignac |title=Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville |location=Montréal |publisher=La Presse |year=2009 |pages=133–137 }}</ref> He was also one of the key politicians responsible for [[National League (baseball)|National League]] of baseball granting Montreal a franchise, the now-defunct [[Montreal Expos]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Benoit |last1=Gignac |title=Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville |location=Montréal |publisher=La Presse |year=2009 |page=157 }}</ref> Another of Drapeau's major projects was obtaining and holding the [[1976 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Benoit |last1=Gignac |title=Jean Drapeau: Le maire qui rêvait sa ville |location=Montréal |publisher=La Presse |year=2009 |page=172 }}</ref>