Editing Race and genetics (section)

== Genetic basis for race ==
Much scientific research has been organized around the question of whether or not there is genetic basis for race. In [[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza|Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza's]] book (circa 1994) "The History and Geography of Human Genes"<ref name="Cavalli-Sforza1994">{{Cite book |last1=Cavalli-Sforza |first1=Luigi Luca |author-link=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza |url=https://archive.org/details/historygeography0000cava_g9l7 |title=The History and Geography of Human Genes |last2=Menozzi |first2=Paolo |last3=Piazza |first3=Alberto |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-08750-4 |location=Princeton |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite news |author=Mark Ridley |date=August 20, 2000 |title=How Far From the Tree? |type=Review |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/08/20/reviews/000820.20ridleyt.html |access-date=March 3, 2017 |archive-date=March 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317224500/http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/08/20/reviews/000820.20ridleyt.html |url-status=live }}</ref> he writes, "From a scientific point of view, the concept of race has failed to obtain any consensus; none is likely, given the gradual variation in existence. It may be objected that the racial stereotypes have a consistency that allows even the layman to classify individuals. However, the major stereotypes, all based on skin color, hair color and form, and facial traits, reflect superficial differences that are not confirmed by deeper analysis with more reliable genetic traits and whose origin dates from recent evolution mostly under the effect of climate and perhaps sexual selection".

In 2018 geneticist [[David Reich (geneticist)|David Reich]] reaffirmed the conclusion that the traditional views which assert a biological basis for race are wrong:

{{Blockquote|text=Today, many people assume that humans can be grouped biologically into "primeval" groups, corresponding to our notion of "races"... But this long-held view about "race" has just in the last years been proven wrong.|author=David Reich|title=''Who We Are and How We Got Here''|source=(Introduction, pg. xxiv).}}

In 1956, some scientists proposed that race may be similar to dog breeds within dogs. However, this theory has since been discarded, with one of the main reasons being that purebred dogs have been specifically bred artificially, whereas human races developed organically.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Norton |first1=Heather L. |last2=Quillen |first2=Ellen E. |last3=Bigham |first3=Abigail W. |last4=Pearson |first4=Laurel N. |last5=Dunsworth |first5=Holly |date=2019-07-09 |title=Human races are not like dog breeds: refuting a racist analogy |journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.1186/s12052-019-0109-y |issn=1936-6434 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Furthermore, the genetic variation between purebred dog breeds is far greater than that of human populations. Dog-breed intervariation is roughly 27.5%, whereas human population intervariation is only estimated to be between 5.4% and 15.6%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Templeton |first1=Alan |title=Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective |journal=American Anthropologist |date=2008 |volume=100 |issue=3 |page=633 |doi=10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.632 |url=https://anthrosource-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/doi/full/10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.632 |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Elaine A. |last=Ostrander |date=2017-02-06 |title=Genetics and the Shape of Dogs |url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/genetics-and-the-shape-of-dogs |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=American Scientist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bamshad |first=Michael |date=2005 |title=Genetic Influences on Health: Does Race Matter? |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16118384/ |journal=JAMA |volume=294 |issue=8 |page=938 |doi=10.1001/jama.294.8.937 |pmid=16118384 |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Heidi G. |last2=Kim |first2=Lisa V. |last3=Sutter |first3=Nathan B. |last4=Carlson |first4=Scott |last5=Lorentzen |first5=Travis D. |last6=Malek |first6=Tiffany B. |last7=Johnson |first7=Gary S. |last8=DeFrance |first8=Hawkins B. |last9=Ostrander |first9=Elaine A. |last10=Kruglyak |first10=Leonid |date=2004-05-21 |title=Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1097406 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=304 |issue=5674 |pages=1160–1164 |doi=10.1126/science.1097406 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=15155949 |bibcode=2004Sci...304.1160P |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>