Editing Radhanite (section)

==Disappearance==
The activities of the Radhanites appear to cease during the 10th century. The causes may have been the fall of [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] in 908, followed by the [[Khazars#Rise of the Rus' and the collapse of the Khazarian state|collapse of the Khazarian state]] at the hands of the [[Rus' people|Rus']] some sixty years later (circa 968–969).
Trade routes became unstable and unsafe, a situation exacerbated by the rise of [[Turco-Persian tradition|expansionist Turco-Persianate states]], and the [[Silk Road]] largely collapsed for centuries. This period saw the rise of the mercantile [[Italian city-states]], especially the [[maritime republics]], [[Genoa]], [[Venice]], [[Pisa]], and [[Amalfi]], who viewed the Radhanites as unwanted competitors.

The Radhanites had mostly disappeared by the end of the 10th century; there have been suggestions that a collection of 11th century Jewish scrolls discovered in a cave in Afghanistan's [[Samangan Province]] in 2011 may represent a remnant of Radhanites in that area.{{ref|century}}

The economy of Europe was profoundly affected by the disappearance of the Radhanites. For example, documentary evidence indicates that many spices in regular use during the early Middle Ages completely disappeared from European tables in the 10th century. Jews had previously, in large parts of Western Europe, enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the [[spice trade]].{{ref|spice}}
The [[History of slavery|slave trade]] appears to have been continued by other agents, for example, for the year 1168, [[Helmold von Bosau]] reports that 700 enslaved [[Danes]] were offered for sale in [[Mecklenburg]] by [[Baltic Slavic piracy|Slavic pirates]].<ref>Helmold von Bosau: ''Slawenchronik''. 6. Auflage. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2002, p. 377; Robert Bartlett: ''Die Geburt Europas aus dem Geist der Gewalt. Eroberung, Kolonisierung und kultureller Wandel von 950–1350''. Kindler, 1996, p. 366.</ref>
In the [[Black Sea]] area, slave trade appears to have been taken over by the [[Tatars]], mostly selling enslaved Slavs to the Ottoman Turks.<ref>Alexandre Skirda: La traite des Slaves. L’esclavage des Blancs du VIIIe au XVIIIe siècle. Les Éditions de Paris, Paris 2010, p. 171. Robert C. Davis: ''Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.</ref>