Editing Recitative (section)

==Instrumental recitative==
Recitative has also sometimes been used to refer to parts of purely instrumental works which resemble vocal recitatives, in terms of their musical style. In an instrumental recitative, one instrument (or group of instruments) are given the melody line (akin to the role of the singer) and another instrument (or group of instruments) are given the accompaniment role. One of the earliest examples is found in the slow movement of [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]]'s [[Grosso mogul|violin concerto in D, RV 208]], which is marked "Recitative". [[C. P. E. Bach]] included instrumental recitative in his "Prussian" piano sonatas of 1742, composed at [[Frederick the Great]]'s court in Berlin. In 1761, [[Joseph Haydn]] took his post at [[Esterhazy Palace]] and soon after composed his [[Symphony No. 7 (Haydn)|Symphony No. 7 ("Le Midi")]] in concertante style (i.e. with soloists). In the second movement of that work, the violinist is the soloist in an instrumental recitative.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

[[Ludwig van Beethoven]] used the instrumental recitative in at least three works, including [[Piano Sonata No. 17 (Beethoven)|Piano Sonata No. 17]] (''The Tempest''), [[Piano Sonata No. 31 (Beethoven)|Piano Sonata No. 31]], and in the opening section of the Finale of his [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Ninth Symphony]]. Here, Beethoven inscribed on the score (in French) "In the manner of a recitative, but ''in tempo''." Leon Plantinga argues that the second movement of Beethoven's [[Piano Concerto No. 4 (Beethoven)|Fourth Piano Concerto]] is also an instrumental recitative,<ref>Plantinga 1996, p. 186</ref> although Owen Jander interprets it as a dialogue.<ref>Jander 1985, pp. 195–212</ref>

Other [[Romantic music|Romantic music era]] composers to employ instrumental recitative include [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] (who composed a lyrical, virtuosic recitative for solo violin with [[harp]] accompaniment to represent the [[Scheherazade|title character]] in his orchestral ''[[Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)|Scheherazade]]'') and [[Hector Berlioz]] (whose [[choral symphony]] ''[[Roméo et Juliette (Berlioz)|Roméo et Juliette]]'' contains a [[trombone]] recitative as part of its Introduction).{{fact|date=January 2023}}

[[Arnold Schoenberg]] labeled the last of his ''[[Five Pieces for Orchestra]]'', Op. 16, as "''Das obligate Rezitativ''", and also composed a piece for [[Organ (music)|organ]], ''Variations on a Recitative'', Op. 40. Other examples of instrumental recitative in twentieth century music include the third movement of [[Douglas Moore]]'s ''[[Quintet for clarinet and strings (Moore)|Quintet for Clarinet and Strings]]'' (1946), the first of [[Richard Rodney Bennett]]'s ''Five [[Impromptu]]s'' for [[guitar]] (1968), the opening section of the last movement of [[Benjamin Britten]]'s ''[[String Quartet No. 3 (Britten)|String Quartet No. 3]]'' (1975), and the second of [[William Bolcom]]'s ''[[12 New Etudes for Piano]]'' (1977–86).{{fact|date=January 2023}}