Editing Refrigerant (section)

==Common refrigerants==
===Refrigerants with very low climate impact===
With increasing regulations, refrigerants with a very low [[global warming potential]] are expected to play a dominant role in the 21st century,<ref name="Yadav">{{harvnb|Yadav et al|2022}}</ref> in particular, R-290 and R-1234yf. Starting from almost no market share in 2018,<ref name="BSRIA">{{harvnb|BSRIA|2020}}</ref> low GWPO devices are gaining market share in 2022.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Code !! Chemical !! Name !! [[Global warming potential|GWP]] 20yr<ref name="ar5">{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch8|2013|pp=714;731–737}}</ref> !! GWP 100yr<ref name="ar5"/> !! Status !!Commentary
|-
|[[R-290 (refrigerant)|R-290]]
|C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>
|[[Propane]]
|
|3.3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ozone/pdf/hcfc_technical_meeting_summary.pdf |title=European Commission on retrofit refrigerants for stationary applications |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805150605/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ozone/pdf/hcfc_technical_meeting_summary.pdf |archive-date=August 5, 2009 }}</ref>
|Increasing use
|Low cost, widely available, and efficient. They also have zero [[ozone depletion potential]]. Despite their flammability, they are increasingly used in domestic refrigerators and heat pumps. In 2010, about one-third of all household refrigerators and freezers manufactured globally used isobutane or an isobutane/propane blend, and this was expected to increase to 75% by 2020.<ref name=40CFR82 >{{cite web|title=Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Hydrocarbon Refrigerants|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-12-20/pdf/2011-32175.pdf|work=Environment Protection Agency|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[R-600a]] ||HC(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> ||[[Isobutane]]|| ||3.3 ||Widely used ||See R-290.
|-
|[[R-717]] ||NH<sub>3</sub> ||[[Ammonia]]||0 ||0<ref>{{harvnb|ARB|2022}}</ref> ||Widely used ||Commonly used before the popularisation of CFCs, it is again being considered but does suffer from the disadvantage of toxicity, and it requires corrosion-resistant components, which restricts its domestic and small-scale use. Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its high [[Energy conversion efficiency|energy efficiency]] and low cost.
|-
|R-1234yf [[HFO-1234yf]] ||C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub> ||[[2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene]]|| ||&lt;1 || ||Less performance but also less flammable than R-290.<ref name="Yadav"/> GM announced that it would start using "hydro-fluoro olefin", [[HFO-1234yf]], in all of its brands by 2013.<ref>[https://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/07/gm-to-introduce-hfo1234yf-ac-refrigerant-in-2013-us-models.html GM to Introduce HFO-1234yf AC Refrigerant in 2013 US Models]</ref>
|-
|[[R-744]]||{{CO2}}||[[Carbon dioxide]]||1 ||1 ||In use ||Was used as a refrigerant prior to the discovery of CFCs (this was also the case for propane)<ref name="r7"/> and now having a renaissance due to it being non-ozone depleting, non-toxic and non-flammable. It may become the working fluid of choice to replace current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, and [[heat pump]]s. [[Coca-Cola]] has fielded CO<sub>2</sub>-based beverage coolers and the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] is considering CO<sub>2</sub> refrigeration.<ref name="ccref1">{{cite web |url=http://www.coca-colacompany.com/cooling-equipment-pushing-forward-with-hfc-free |title=The Coca-Cola Company Announces Adoption of HFC-Free Insulation in Refrigeration Units to Combat Global Warming |access-date=11 October 2007 |date=5 June 2006 |publisher=The Coca-Cola Company |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101195654/http://www.coca-colacompany.com/cooling-equipment-pushing-forward-with-hfc-free |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="usforces">{{cite news|title = Modine reinforces its CO<sub>2</sub> research efforts|url = http://www.r744.com/news/news_ida145.php|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080210194203/http://www.r744.com/news/news_ida145.php|url-status = dead|archive-date = 10 February 2008|date = 28 June 2007|publisher = R744.com}}</ref> Due to the need to operate at pressures of up to {{convert|130|bar|psi kPa}}, CO<sub>2</sub> systems require highly resistant components, however these have already been developed for mass production in many sectors.
|}

===Most used===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Code !! Chemical !! Name !! [[Global warming potential]] 20yr<ref name="ar5"/> !! GWP 100yr<ref name="ar5"/> !! Status !!Commentary
|-
|R-32 HFC-32 ||CH<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> ||[[Difluoromethane]] ||2430 ||677 ||Widely used ||Promoted as climate-friendly substitute for R-134a and R-410A, but still with high climate impact. Has excellent heat transfer and pressure drop performance, both in condensation and vaporisation.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.04.017|title = HFC32 vaporisation inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE): Experimental measurements and IR thermography analysis|journal = International Journal of Refrigeration|volume = 57|pages = 77–86|year = 2015|last1 = Longo|first1 = Giovanni A.|last2 = Mancin|first2 = Simone|last3 = Righetti|first3 = Giulia|last4 = Zilio|first4 = Claudio}}</ref>  It has an [[Greenhouse gas#Atmospheric lifetime|atmospheric lifetime]] of nearly 5 years.<ref>May 2010 TEAP XXI/9 Task Force Report</ref> Currently used in residential and commercial [[air conditioning|air-conditioners]] and [[heat pump]]s.
|-
|[[R-134a]] HFC-134a
|CH<sub>2</sub>FCF<sub>3</sub>
|[[1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane]]
|3790
|1550
|Widely used
|Most used in 2020 for hydronic heat pumps in Europe and the United States in spite of high GWP.<ref name="BSRIA"/> Commonly used in automotive air conditioners prior to phase out which began in 2012.
|-
|[[R-410A]]|| ||50% R-32 / 50% R-125 ([[pentafluoroethane]])||Between 2430 (R-32) and 6350 (R-125)||&gt; 677 ||Widely Used ||Most used in split heat pumps / AC by 2018. Almost 100% share in the USA.<ref name="BSRIA"/> Being phased out in the US starting in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protecting Our Climate by Reducing Use of HFCs |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction |website=US Environmental Protection Agency |date=8 February 2021 |access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Background on HFCs and the AIM Act |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction/background-hfcs-and-aim-act |website=www.usepa.gov |date=March 2021 |publisher=US EPA |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Banned / Phased out===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Code !! Chemical !! Name !! [[Global warming potential]] 20yr<ref name="ar5"/> !! GWP 100yr<ref name="ar5"/> !! Status !!Commentary
|-
|R-11 CFC-11 ||CCl<sub>3</sub>F ||[[Trichlorofluoromethane]] ||6900||4660 ||Banned ||Production was banned in developed countries by [[Montreal Protocol]] in 1996
|-
|R-12 CFC-12 ||CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> ||[[Dichlorodifluoromethane]] ||10800 ||10200 ||Banned ||Also known as Freon, a widely used [[chlorofluorocarbon]] [[halomethane]] (CFC). Production was banned in developed countries by [[Montreal Protocol]] in 1996, and in developing countries (Article 5 countries) in 2010.<ref name="OzoneAssessment">{{cite book |title=Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2018. |date=2018 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |location=Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-1-7329317-1-8 |page=1.10 |edition=Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project–Report No. 58 |url=https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/bde22641-eeb6-4502-9c54-8239c2c64c0f/files/2018-ozone-summary-report.pdf |access-date=22 November 2020 |chapter=1:Update on Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Other Gases of Interest to the Montreal Protocol}}</ref>
|-
|R-22 HCFC-22 ||CHClF<sub>2</sub> ||[[Chlorodifluoromethane]] ||5280 ||1760 ||Being phased out || A widely used [[hydrochlorofluorocarbon]] (HCFC) and powerful [[greenhouse gas]] with a GWP equal to 1810. Worldwide production of R-22 in 2008 was about 800{{nbsp}}Gg per year, up from about 450{{nbsp}}Gg per year in 1998. R-438A (MO-99) is a R-22 replacement.<ref>[https://www.refrigerantdepot.com/product/chemours-isceon-mo99/] Chemours M099 as R22 Replacement</ref>
|-
|R-123 HCFC-123
|CHCl<sub>2</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>
|[[2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane]]
|292
|79
|US phase-out
|Used in large tonnage centrifugal chiller applications. All U.S. production and import of virgin HCFCs will be phased out by 2030, with limited exceptions.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-08/documents/us_management_of_hcfc-123.pdf]  Management of HCFC-123 through the Phaseout and Beyond | EPA | Published August 2020 | Retrieved Dec. 18, 2021</ref> R-123 refrigerant was used to retrofit some chiller that used R-11 refrigerant [[Trichlorofluoromethane]]. The production of R-11 was banned in developed countries by [[Montreal Protocol]] in 1996.<ref>[https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/63456-properties-of-refrigerant-r11-or-freon-11-and-replacements/] Refrigerant R11 (R-11), Freon 11 (Freon R-11) Properties & Replacement</ref>
|}

===Other===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Code !! Chemical !! Name !! [[Global warming potential]] 20yr<ref name="ar5"/> !! GWP 100yr<ref name="ar5"/> !!Commentary
|-
|R-152a HFC-152a
|CH<sub>3</sub>CHF<sub>2</sub>
|[[1,1-Difluoroethane]]
|506
|138
|As a compressed air duster
|-
|[[R-407C]]
|
|Mixture of difluoromethane and [[pentafluoroethane]]  and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
|
|
|A mixture of R-32, R-125, and R-134a
|-
|[[R-454B]]
|
|Difluoromethane and 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene
|
|
|HFOs blend of refrigerants Difluoromethane ([[Difluoromethane|R-32]]) and 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene ([[R-1234yf]]).<ref>[https://refrigeranthq.com/r-454b-xl41-refrigerant-fact-info-sheet/] R-454B XL41 refrigerant fact & info sheet</ref><ref>[https://www.achrnews.com/articles/143548-r-454b-emerges-as-a-replacement-for-r-410a] R-454B emerges as a replacement for R-410A | ACHR News (Air Conditioning, Heating, Refrigeration News)</ref><ref>[https://www.carrier.com/residential/en/us/news/news-article/carrier_introduces_puron_advance_the_next_generation_refrigerant.html] Carrier introduces [R-454B] Puron Advance™ as the next generation refrigerant for ducted residential, light commercial products in North America | Indianapolis - 19 December 2018</ref><ref>[https://facilityexecutive.com/2021/05/johnson-controls-selects-r-454b-as-future-refrigerant-for-new-hvac-equipment/] Johnson Controls selects R-454B as future refrigerant for new HVAC equipment | 27 May 2021</ref>
|-
|R-513A || ||An HFO/HFC blend (56% R-1234yf/44%R-134a)|| || ||May replace R-134a as an interim alternative<ref>[https://images.magnetmail.net/images/clients/ASHRAE//attach/AJ_Newsletter/030-037_roundtable_Refrigeration_kujak.pdf] A conversation on refrigerants | ASHRAE Journal, March 2021 | page 30, column 1, paragraph 2</ref>
|-
|R-514A
|
|HFO-1336mzz-Z/trans-1,2- dichloroethylene (t-DCE)
|
|
|An hydrofluoroolefin (HFO)-based refrigerant to replace R-123 in low-pressure centrifugal chillers for commercial and industrial applications.<ref>[https://www.opteon.com/en/products/refrigerants/xp30] Opteon™ XP30 (R-514A) refrigerant</ref><ref>[https://www.coolingpost.com/world-news/trane-adopts-new-low-gwp-refrigerant-r514a/] Trane adopts new low GWP refrigerant R514A | 15 June 2016</ref>
|}