Editing Rhotic consonant (section)

===Dutch===
Colloquial Northern Dutch speech of the [[Randstad]] region is variably rhotic. In the syllable coda, the sequences {{IPA|/ɛr, ɑr, aːr, ɔr, oːr/}} may be realized as {{IPA|[ɛ̝j, ɑj, aːj, ö̞j, öːj]}}, which may be close to or the same as the vowels or sequences {{IPA|/eː, ɑj, aːj, ɔj, oːj/}}, resulting in a variable merger. For instance, ''kerk'' 'church' and ''cake'' 'pound cake' may become homophonous as {{IPA|[kɛ̝jk]}}, whereas ''maar'' 'but' can be homophonous with ''maai'' '(I) mow' as {{IPA|[maːj]}}. {{IPA|/ɔr/}} and {{IPA|/oːr/}} are usually somewhat distinct from {{IPA|/ɔj/}} and {{IPA|/oːj/}} as the former feature vowels that are more central (and {{IPA|/oːj/}} features a diphthong {{IPA|[əuj]}} in certain dialects, such as Rotterdam Dutch).{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=112, 130, 134, 200–1}}

After {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/r/}} may be dropped altogether, as in ''kilometer'' {{IPA|[ˈkilömeitə]}} 'kilometer'. This is commonly heard in [[The Hague]]. It is not necessarily restricted to the word-final position, as it can also happen in word-final clusters in words such as ''honderd'' {{IPA|[ˈɦɔndət]}} 'hundred'.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=201}}

After {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/y/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/øː/}}, {{IPA|/r/}} may be realized as a centering glide, as in ''mier'' {{IPA|[mïːə̯]}} 'ant', ''muur'' {{IPA|[mÿːə̯]}} 'wall', ''moer'' {{IPA|[müːə̯]}} 'queen bee', ''meer'' {{IPA|[mɪːə̯]}} 'lake' and ''deur'' {{IPA|[dʏːə̯]}} 'door'. As with {{IPA|/ɔ/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}}, these vowels are more central (and also longer) than in other contexts. Furthermore, both {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/øː/}} are [[Relative articulation#Raised and lowered|raised]] in this context, so that ''meer'' becomes a near-homophone of ''mier'', whereas ''deur'' becomes a quasi-rhyme of ''muur''.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=130, 132, 134, 200}}

In citation forms, {{IPA|/r/}} in the syllable coda is pronounced as a [[Pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] [[velar bunched approximant|pre-velar bunched approximant]] {{IPA|[ɰ̟ˤ]}} (known in Dutch as the ''[[w:nl:Gooise r|Gooise r]]'') that is acoustically similar to {{IPAblink|ɻ}}: {{IPA|[kɛ̝ɰ̟ˤk, ˈkilömeitəɰ̟ˤ, mïə̯ɰ̟ˤ]}} etc. Other realizations ([[alveolar tap]]s and [[voiced uvular fricative]]s) are also possible, depending on the region and individual speaker, so that ''mier'' may be also pronounced {{IPA|[mïə̯ɾ]}} or {{Audio-IPA|Nl-mier.ogg|[mïə̯ʁ]|help=no}}. The pre-velar bunched approximant as well as the palatal approximant realization of {{IPA|/r/}} described above are virtually unknown in southern varieties of Dutch. In the varieties where they do occur, they are restricted to the syllable coda. In other environments, {{IPA|/r/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|ɾ}} or {{IPAblink|ʁ}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=200–1}}