Editing Road pricing (section)

===Asia-Pacific===

====Australia====
In January 2009, variable tolls were implemented at [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]], two weeks after upgrading to 100% free-flow [[electronic toll collection]]. The highest fees are charged during the morning and afternoon peak periods; a toll 25% lower applies for the shoulder periods; and a toll lower than the previously existing is charged at nights, weekends, and public holidays. This is Australia's first road congestion pricing scheme, and has had only a very minor effect on traffic levels, reducing them by 0.19%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/latest/a/-/latest/12384129/harbour-bridge-variable-tolls-to-stay/ |title=Harbour Bridge variable tolls 'to stay' - Yahoo!7 |access-date=2012-04-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115121350/http://au.news.yahoo.com/latest/a/-/latest/12384129/harbour-bridge-variable-tolls-to-stay|archive-date=15 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2009-01-27 |url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/latest/5283437/peak-hour-toll-begins-harbour-bridge/ |title=Peak hour toll begins on Harbour Bridge |publisher=Yahoo!7 News (Australia) |access-date=2009-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005155307/http://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/latest/5283437/peak-hour-toll-begins-harbour-bridge/|archive-date=5 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Michael Daley |date=2009-02-05 |url=http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/newsevents/downloads/minister_releases/05022009_cashlesstolling.pdf |title=Motorists Embrace Cashless Tolling on Sydney Harbour Bridge |publisher=NSW Minister for Roads |access-date=2009-03-10 |archive-date=21 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021203659/http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/newsevents/downloads/minister_releases/05022009_cashlesstolling.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2009-01-22 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/01/22/2471738.htm |title=Harbour congestion tax 'will anger some' |publisher=ABC News (Australia) |access-date=2009-03-10 |archive-date=5 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305101807/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/01/22/2471738.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====China====
[[File:Beijing pollution.jpg|thumb|alt=Pollution in Beijing|High air pollution day in Beijing]]

Main roadways and highways in Shanghai are tolled, and an assessment was completed to evaluate the implementation of congestion pricing for vehicles entering the [[central business district]].<ref name="TwoBillion">{{Cite book | author1 = Sperling, Daniel | author2 = Deborah Gordon | name-list-style = amp | title = Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability | year = 2009 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/219 219–220] | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = New York | id = . ''See on Chapter 8 Stimulating Chinese Innovation.'' | isbn = 978-0-19-537664-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/219 }}</ref><ref name="ETC">{{cite journal |author1=Bob McQueen |author2=Tom Biggstitle |author3=Chris Bausher |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=Congestion pricing |url=http://www.thinkinghighways.com/#/28 |format=iPaper |journal=ETC, Etc |publisher=Thinking Highways |volume=I |issue=1 |pages=35–36 |access-date=2009-02-23 |archive-date=27 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227125212/http://www.thinkinghighways.com/#/28 |url-status=live }} ''A PDF version of the article is available for download here [http://skymeter.squarespace.com/storage/IntoTheZone.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305104044/http://skymeter.squarespace.com/storage/IntoTheZone.pdf |date=5 March 2009 }}''</ref> The city also restrains car use, ownership and there are restrictions on getting a [[driver's license]]; since 1998, the number of new car registrations is limited to 50,000 vehicles a year, and car registrations are sold by [[public auction]], with prices reaching up to US$5,000 in 2006. Parking is also limited.

Congestion based pricing for Beijing was recommended by the [[World Bank]] in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2010-12/21/c_13657902.htm|title=Time to fix traffic in Beijing|work=China Daily|publisher=[[Xinhuanet]]|date=2010-12-21|access-date=2011-09-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224153615/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2010-12/21/c_13657902.htm|archive-date=24 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=BJreview10>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjreview.com.cn/forum/txt/2010-05/31/content_275536.htm|title=Will Congestion Pricing Relieve Traffic Jams?|work=[[Beijing Review]]|date=2010-05-31|access-date=2011-09-07|archive-date=16 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116182608/http://www.bjreview.com.cn/forum/txt/2010-05/31/content_275536.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and local officials announced plans to introduce a scheme in September 2011 although no details about the cost or the charge zone have been provided.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14761711|title=Beijing 'plans congestion charge' to ease traffic woes|date=2011-09-02|access-date=2011-09-07|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804210702/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-14761711|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is dealt with traffic congestion and air pollution through a [[Road space rationing in Beijing|driving restriction scheme]] implemented since the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/28/content_10126448.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001084051/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/28/content_10126448.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2008|title=Post-Olympics Beijing car restrictions to take effect next month|publisher=China View news|date=2008-09-28|access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref><ref name=NYT1009>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/17/world/asia/17beijing.html?_r=1&hpw|title=Beijing's Air Is Cleaner, but Far From Clean|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|author=Michael Wines|date=2009-10-16|access-date=2009-10-17|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016032907/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/17/world/asia/17beijing.html?_r=1&hpw|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2016|06}}, another 11 Chinese cities have similar restriction schemes in place.<ref name=China2016>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21700676-chinese-love-their-cars-do-not-want-pay-more-driving-them-great-crawl?frsc=dg%7Ca | title=The great crawl | newspaper=[[The Economist]] | date=2016-06-18 | access-date=2016-06-22 | archive-date=9 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809061310/http://www.economist.com/news/china/21700676-chinese-love-their-cars-do-not-want-pay-more-driving-them-great-crawl?frsc=dg%7Ca | url-status=live }} From the print edition.</ref>

In early 2010 the city [[Guangzhou]], [[Guangdong]] province, opened a public discussion on whether to introduce congestion charges. An online survey conducted by two local news outlets found that 84.4% of respondents opposed the charges.<ref name=BJreview10/> The city of [[Nanjing]] is also considering the implementation of congestion pricing.<ref name="ETC"/>

In December 2015, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport announced plans to introduce congestion charges in 2016. According to the city's motor vehicle emission control plan 2013–2017, the congestion charge will be a real-time [[variable pricing]] scheme based on actual traffic flows and emissions data, and allow the fee to be charged for different vehicles and vary by time of the day and for different districts. The [[Dongcheng District, Beijing|Dongcheng]] and [[Xicheng]] are among the districts that are most likely to first implement congestion charges. Vehicle emissions account for 31% of the city's smog sources, according to Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau. The local government has implemented already several policies to address air quality, and congestion, such as a [[driving restriction]] scheme based upon the last digits on their license plates.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-12/03/content_22621398.htm|title=Beijing mulls congestion charge|work=[[China Daily]]|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=2015-12-03|access-date=2015-12-07|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208085446/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-12/03/content_22621398.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/beijing-plans-to-implement-congestion-charge-nex-151204.shtml |title=Beijing Plans to Implement 'Congestion Charge' Next Year |author=Natasha Li |work=Gasgoo.com |date=2015-12-04 |access-date=2015-12-07 |archive-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212110439/http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/beijing-plans-to-implement-congestion-charge-nex-151204.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Also a vehicle quota system was introduced in 2011, awarding new car licenses through a lottery, with a ceiling of 6 million units set by the city authority for 2017. In May 2016, the Beijing city legislature announced it will consider starting levying traffic congestion charges by 2020 as part of a package of measures to reform the vehicle quota system.<ref name=Beijing052016>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-25/beijing-seeks-to-legislate-car-quotas-as-it-mulls-congestion-fee | title=Beijing Seeks to Legislate Car Quotas as It Mulls Congestion Fee | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=2016-05-25 | access-date=2016-05-28 | archive-date=11 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511101832/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-25/beijing-seeks-to-legislate-car-quotas-as-it-mulls-congestion-fee | url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2016|06}}, the city's environmental and transport departments are working together on a congestion pricing proposal.<ref name=China2016/>

====Hong Kong====

Hong Kong's [[Electronic road pricing (Hong Kong)|Electronic Road Pricing]] system operated between 1983 and 1985 with positive results.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.econ.hku.hk/~timhau/electronic_road_pricing.pdf |title=Electronic road pricing. Developments in Hong Kong 1983–1986 |access-date=8 May 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507065501/http://www.econ.hku.hk/~timhau/electronic_road_pricing.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Public opposition stalled its permanent implementation. Proposals were however raised again in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://topics.scmp.com/news/hk-news-watch/article/SCMP-debate|title=HK news watch|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=2012-02-27|access-date=14 May 2012|archive-date=10 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410124050/http://topics.scmp.com/news/hk-news-watch/article/SCMP-debate|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Singapore====
{{main|Electronic Road Pricing}}
[[File:ERPBugis.JPG|thumb|[[Electronic Road Pricing]] Gantry at North Bridge Road, Singapore]]
The world's first congestion pricing scheme was introduced in Singapore's core central business district in 1975<ref>{{Cite book | last = Cervero | first = Robert | author-link=Robert Cervero|year = 1998 | title = The Transit Metropolis| page = 169 | publisher = Island Press |location=Washington, D.C. | id = Chapter 6/The Master Planned Transit Metropolis: Singapore | isbn = 1-55963-591-6}}</ref> as the [[Singapore Area Licensing Scheme]]. It was extended in 1995 and converted to 100% free-flowing [[Electronic Road Pricing]] in September 1998. [[Variable pricing]] based on congestion levels was introduced in 2007.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/automobiles/16CONGEST.html?ex=1363320000&en=66db1c235736c7ea&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss | author=Ken Belson | title=Importing a Decongestant for Midtown Streets | newspaper=The New York Times | date=2008-03-16 | access-date=2008-04-06 | archive-date=12 May 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512092317/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/automobiles/16CONGEST.html?ex=1363320000&en=66db1c235736c7ea&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss | url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of a number of elements in their [[Transportation Demand Management]], which also includes high annual road tax, custom duties and vehicle registration fees for new vehicles, a quota system for new vehicles and heavy investment in public transportation.<ref>R. Cervero ''op. cit.'' pp. 155</ref> Singapore has one of the highest per capita incomes in Asia, but fewer than 30% of Singaporean households own cars.<ref>Singapore Census of Population Office</ref>