Editing Romanization of Hebrew (section)

===Comparative table===

The following table is a breakdown of each letter in the Hebrew alphabet, describing its name or names, and its [[Latin script]] [[transliteration]] values used in academic work. If two glyphs are shown for a consonant, then the left-most glyph is the final form of the letter (or right-most glyph if your browser does not support right-to-left text layout). The conventions here are [[ISO 259]], the UNGEGN system based on the old-fashioned Hebrew Academy system,<ref name="Report on UN Romanization">[http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_he.pdf "Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names"], Compiled by the UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems Version 4.0, February 2013</ref> and the modern common informal [[Israel]]i transcription. In addition, an [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] pronunciation is indicated&mdash;historical ([[Tiberian vocalization]]) for ISO 259, prescribed for Hebrew Academy, and in practice for Israeli. For the vowels further down, the letters ח and ט are used as symbolic anchors for vowel symbols, but should otherwise be ignored.

For the letters {{Script/Hebrew|בּ גּ דּ כּ פּ תּ}} with [[dagesh]] in ISO 259 Classical Hebrew and by the Hebrew Academy standard, they are transcribed as single graphemes (b g d k p t) at the beginnings of words, after other consonants, and after [[Shva|shewa]] ְ&nbsp; or ẖatafim ֱ&nbsp; ֲ&nbsp; ֳ&nbsp;. In almost every other situation, they are transcribed as double letters (bb gg dd kk pp tt). This does not apply to common Israeli Hebrew transliteration, where there are no double consonants.

The letters {{Script/Hebrew|א ה}} at the ends of words without additional [[niqqud]] are silent and not transliterated. The letter {{Script/Hebrew|ו}} at the end of a word with ẖolam ֹ&nbsp; is also silent and not transliterated. The letter {{Script/Hebrew|י}} at the end of a word after ẖiriq ִ&nbsp; is also silent and not transliterated. The situation of the letter {{Script/Hebrew|י}} at the end of a word after ẕere ֵ&nbsp; or seggol ֶ&nbsp; is more complicated, as they are silent in Classical Hebrew and in Hebrew Academy prescription and not transliterated in those systems, but they form diphthongs (ei) in Israeli Hebrew&mdash;see the vowels and diphthongs sections further down. In any event, the shewa naẖ is placed between two adjacent consonants in all situations; if there is not even a shewa naẖ between consonants, then the first of the two consonants is silent and not transliterated&mdash;this is usually one of {{Script/Hebrew|א ו י}}, but even occasionally {{Script/Hebrew|ה}} and rarely {{Script/Hebrew|ש}} (in the name {{Script/Hebrew|יִשָּׂשכָר}} [[Issachar]]) are encountered silent in this fashion. In Israeli Hebrew transcription, a vowel before yud at the end of a word or before yud then shewa naẖ inside a word, is transcribed as a diphthong (ai oi ui)&mdash;see the diphthongs section further down.

In Classical Hebrew transliteration, vowels can be long (gāḏōl), short (qāṭān) or ultra short (ḥăṭep̄), and are transliterated as such. Ultra short vowels are always one of šəwā nāʻ ְ&nbsp;, ḥăṭep̄ səḡōl ֱ&nbsp;, ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ ֲ&nbsp; or ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ ֳ&nbsp;. Šəwā ְ&nbsp; is ''always'' always šəwā nāʻ (pronounced) if it is immediately after the word's first consonant, or after a consonant after a long vowel and before another pronounced consonant&mdash;otherwise, šəwā is realized as šəwā nāḥ (silent). The vowels ṣērē ֵ&nbsp; and ḥōlem ֹ&nbsp; are always long in all situations. The vowels ḥīreq ִ&nbsp;, səḡōl ֶ&nbsp;, páṯaḥ ַ&nbsp;, qāmeṣ ָ&nbsp;, qibbūṣ ֻ&nbsp; and šūreq {{Script/Hebrew|וּ}}&nbsp; are always long if they are the stressed syllable, or if they are in a syllable before only one consonant and another vowel, and in these cases they are transliterated as long. If they are unstressed and before a double consonant or a consonant cluster, or in the word's final ''unstressed'' syllable, then they are always short and transliterated as short. But if a vowel carries an accent ֫&nbsp; or a meteg ֽ&nbsp;, then it is always long&mdash;a meteg in particular is often used in places where a vowel is long but not necessarily the word's stressed syllable. Lastly, there are exceptional circumstances when long vowels&mdash;even ṣērē and ḥōlem&mdash;may not force a following šəwā to become šəwā nāʻ, including for example names such as {{Script/Hebrew|גֵּרְשֹׁם}} [[Gershom|Gēršōm]] (not Gērəšōm as it might seem), {{Script/Hebrew|בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר}} [[Belshazzar|Bēlšaṣṣạr]] (not Bēləšaṣṣạr) and {{Script/Hebrew|צִֽקְלַג}} [[Ziklag|Ṣīqlạḡ]] (not Ṣīqəlạḡ). Some of these seem to be learned exceptions, and most words under the same circumstances have šəwā nāʻ as expected, such as {{Script/Hebrew|נָֽצְרַת}} [[Nazareth|Nāṣərạṯ]] (not Nāṣrạṯ). (This is ''all'' moot in Israeli Hebrew, where, as already mentioned, [[shva nach]] tends to opportunistically replace [[shva na]] where comfortable, so {{Script/Hebrew|נָֽצְרַת}} is Natzrat not Natzerat, etc.)

For the vowel qamaẕ ָ, whether the vowel is long or short in Classical Hebrew affects the pronunciation in Academy or Israeli Hebrew, even though vowel length is not phonemic in those systems, and the difference is transliterated accordingly. Qamaẕ qatan when short is /o/, except when at the end of a word when not before a final consonant, in which case it is /a/. Qamaẕ gadol is ''usually'' /a/, but in rare situations in Classical Hebrew it can be treated as a long open /ọ/, which although pronounced identically to /ā/ (both were {{IPA|[ɔː]}}), this a/o distinction is clearly made in the pronunciation of Academy and Israeli Hebrew, and is thus transliterated.

If any word ends with one of {{Script/Hebrew|הַּ חַ עַ}}, then the vowel pataẖ is pronounced ''before'' the consonant, not after as it is written, and so the ''transliterated'' sequence is {{angbr|ah}}, {{angbr|aẖ}}, {{angbr|aʻ}}, etc.

In certain rare words that are meant to begin with two consecutive consonants even in Classical Hebrew, an invisible səḡōl qāṭān vowel is pronounced before the two consonants in Classical Hebrew and is so transcribed, because Classical words may not begin with more than one consonant. This rule does not apply to Academy and Israeli Hebrew, where consonant clusters are more tolerated. For example, the word {{Script/Hebrew|שְׁתַּ֫יִם}} ("two") would appear as štáyim, but is actually ʼeštáyim.{{Dubious |reason=where is the glottal stop and "eh" sound coming from?|date=April 2017}} However, it remains simply shtayim in Academy and Israeli Hebrew.

In 2006, the Hebrew Academy replaced their 1953 transliteration rules with new rules, and these were adopted as a United Nations standard in 2007.<ref name="Report on UN Romanization" /> {{As of|2008}}, migration to the new transliteration standard is still underway, and many signs and documents still use the 1953 conventions. The new 2006 rules attempt to more closely follow Israeli Hebrew vowel habits (such as the collapse of many shva na), but stop short of adopting most of the informal transliteration patterns. It still transliterates the diphthong {{IPA|[e̞j]}} as {{angbr|e}}, and it still transliterates separate {{angbr|ẖ}} and {{angbr|kh}} in all cases. It is unspecific about rules governing the transliteration of phonemes not traditionally native to Hebrew.

====Table====
{{sticky header}}
{|class="wikitable sticky-header-multi sortable" <!-- Using "sortable" with all columns unsortable as a workaround to enable "sticky-header-multi". -->
|+ Comparison of Hebrew transliteration standards
|-
! rowspan="3" class=unsortable | Symbol
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" class=unsortable | Common Israeli
! colspan="4" class=unsortable | Hebrew Academy
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" class=unsortable | ISO 259
! colspan="4" class=unsortable | SBL Handbook of Style<ref>{{cite book |title=The SBL Handbook of Style |date=2014 |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta, Georgia |isbn=978-1589839649 |pages=26–28 |edition=Second |url= http://wwwlibe.ces.org.tw:80/library/download/The%20SBL%20Handbook%20of%20style.pdf#page=38 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190715200933if_/http://wwwlibe.ces.org.tw:80/library/download/The%20SBL%20Handbook%20of%20style.pdf#page=38 |archive-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" class=unsortable | 2006
! colspan="2" class=unsortable | 1953
! colspan="2" class=unsortable | Academic
! colspan="2" class=unsortable | General Purpose
|-
! class=unsortable | Name
! class=unsortable | Translit.
! class=unsortable | IPA
! class=unsortable | Name
! class=unsortable | Translit.
! class=unsortable | Name
! class=unsortable | Translit.
! class=unsortable | Name
! class=unsortable | Translit.
! class=unsortable | IPA
! class=unsortable | Name
! class=unsortable | Translit.
! class=unsortable | Name
! class=unsortable | Translit.
|-
| colspan="15" | <!-- Blank as a workaround to avoid "Consonants" being part of the sticky header -->
|-
! colspan="15" | Consonants
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Aleph|{{Script/Hebrew|א}}]]</span>
| alef
| '<ref name="note_syl_br" group="note" />
| {{IPA|.}}
| alef
| '<ref name="note_syl_br" group="note" />
| alef
| ʼ<ref name="note_init_omit" group="note" />
| ʾālep̄
| ʾ
| {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| ʾālep̄
| ʾ
| alef
| ' or omit
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Beth (letter)|{{Script/Hebrew|ב}}]]</span>
| vet
| v
| {{IPA|[v]}}
| vet
| v
| vet
| v
| ḇēṯ
| ḇ
| {{IPA|[v]}}
| rowspan="3" | bêt
| ḇ
| rowspan="3" | bet
| v
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|בּ}}
| rowspan="2"| bet
| rowspan="2"| b
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[b]}}
| rowspan="2"| bet
| b
| rowspan="2"| bet
| b
| bēṯ
| b
| {{IPA|[b]}}
| rowspan="2" | b
| rowspan="2" | b
|-
| bb
| bb
| bēṯ ḥāzāq
| bb
| {{IPA|[bb]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Gimel|{{Script/Hebrew|ג}}]]</span>
| rowspan="3"| gimel
| rowspan="3"| g
| rowspan="3"| {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
| rowspan="3"| gimel
| rowspan="2"| g
| rowspan="3"| gimel
| rowspan="2"| g
| ḡīmel
| ḡ
| {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
| rowspan="3" | gîmel
| ḡ
| rowspan="3" | gimel
| gh
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|גּ}}
| gīmel
| g
| {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
| rowspan="2" | g
| rowspan="2" | g
|-
| gg
| gg
| gīmel ḥāzāq
| gg
| {{IPA|[ɡɡ]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|ג׳}}</span><ref name="note_loan" group="note" />
| jimel
| j
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}}

! colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| ǧimel
| ǧ
! colspan="7"| &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Dalet|{{Script/Hebrew|ד}}]]</span>
| rowspan="3"| dalet
| rowspan="3"| d
| rowspan="3"| {{IPA|[d]}}
| rowspan="3"| dalet
| rowspan="2"| d
| rowspan="3"| dalet
| rowspan="2"| d
| ḏāleṯ
| ḏ
| {{IPA|[ð]}}
| rowspan="3" | dālet
| ḏ
| rowspan="3" | dalet
| dh
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|דּ}}
| dāleṯ
| d
| {{IPA|[d]}}
| rowspan="2" | d
| rowspan="2" | d
|-
| dd
| dd
| dāleṯ ḥāzāq
| dd
| {{IPA|[dd]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|ד׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| dhalet
| dh
| {{IPA|[ð]}}

! colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| ḏalet
| ḏ

! colspan="7"| &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[He (letter)|{{Script/Hebrew|ה}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| hei
| rowspan="2"| h
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[h]}}
| rowspan="2"| he
| rowspan="2"| h
| rowspan="2"| he
| h<ref name="note_final_omit" group="note">Omitted at the ends of words.</ref>
| rowspan="2"| hē
| rowspan="2"| h
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[h]}}
| rowspan="2" | hê
| rowspan="2" | h
| rowspan="2" | he
| rowspan="2" | h
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|הּ}}</span>
|h
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Waw (letter)|{{Script/Hebrew|ו}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| vav
| rowspan="2"| v (w)<ref name="note_w" group="note" />
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[v] ([w])}}<ref name="note_w" group="note" />
| rowspan="2"| vav
| v
| rowspan="2"| waw
| w
| wāw
| w
| {{IPA|[v] [(w)]}}<ref name="note_w" group="note" />
| rowspan="2" | wāw
| rowspan="2" | w
| rowspan="2" | vav
| rowspan="2" | v or w
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|וּ}}</span><ref name="note_vav_dgusha" group="note" />
| vv
| ww
| wāw ḥāzāq
| ww
| {{IPA|[vv]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Zayin|{{Script/Hebrew|ז}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| zayin
| rowspan="2"| z
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[z]}}
| rowspan="2"| zayin
| z
| rowspan="2"| zayin
| z
| záyin
| z
| {{IPA|[z]}}
| rowspan="2" | zayin
| rowspan="2" | z
| rowspan="2" | zayin
| rowspan="2" | z
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|זּ}}</span>
| zz
| zz
| záyin ḥāzāq
| zz
| {{IPA|[zz]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|ז׳}}</span><ref name="note_loan" group="note" />
| zhayin
| zh
| {{IPA|[ʒ]}}

! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| žayin
| ž

! colspan="7"| &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Heth|{{Script/Hebrew|ח}}]]</span>
| chet
| ch, kh, h
| {{IPA|[χ]}}
| ẖet
| ẖ
| ẖet
| ẖ
| ḥēṯ
| ḥ
| {{IPA|[ħ]}}
| ḥêt
| ḥ
| khet
| h or kh
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Teth|{{Script/Hebrew|ט}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| tet
| rowspan="2"| t
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[t]}}
| rowspan="2"| tet
| t
| rowspan="2"| tet
| t
| ṭēṯ
| ṭ
| {{IPA|[tˤ]}}
| rowspan="2" | ṭêt
| rowspan="2" | ṭ
| rowspan="2" | tet
| rowspan="2" | t
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em>{{Script/Hebrew|טּ}}</span>
| tt
| tt
| ṭēṯ ḥāzāq
| ṭṭ
| {{IPA|[tˤtˤ]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Yodh|{{Script/Hebrew|י}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| yud
| rowspan="2"| y, i<ref name="note_i" group="note" />
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[j]}}
| rowspan="2"| yud
| y
| rowspan="2"| yud
| y
| yōḏ
| y
| {{IPA|[j]}}
| rowspan="2" | yôd
| rowspan="2" | y
| rowspan="2" | yod
| rowspan="2" | y
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|יּ}}</span>
| yy
| yy
| yōḏ ḥāzāq
| yy
| {{IPA|[jj]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Kaph|{{Script/Hebrew|ך&nbsp;כ}}]]</span>
| chaf
| ch, kh
| {{IPA|[χ]}}
| khaf
| kh
| khaf
| kh
| ḵāp̄
| ḵ
| {{IPA|[x]}}
| rowspan="3" | kāp
| ḵ
| rowspan="3" | kaf
| kh
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|ךּ&nbsp;כּ}}
| rowspan="2"| kaf
| rowspan="2"| c, k
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[k]}}
| rowspan="2"| kaf
| k
| rowspan="2"| kaf
| k
| kāp̄
| k
| {{IPA|[k]}}
| rowspan="2" | k
| rowspan="2" | k
|-
| kk
| kk
| kāp̄ ḥāzāq
| kk
| {{IPA|[kk]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Lamedh|{{Script/Hebrew|ל}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| lamed
| rowspan="2"| l
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[l]}}
| rowspan="2"| lamed
| l
| rowspan="2"| lamed
| l
| lāmeḏ
| l
| {{IPA|[l]}}
| rowspan="2" | lāmed
| rowspan="2" | l
| rowspan="2" | lamed
| rowspan="2" | l
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|לּ}}</span>
| ll
| ll
| lāmeḏ ḥāzāq
| ll
| {{IPA|[ll]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Mem|{{Script/Hebrew|ם&nbsp;מ}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| mem
| rowspan="2"| m
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[m]}}
| rowspan="2"| mem
| m
| rowspan="2"| mem
| m
| mēm
| m
| {{IPA|[m]}}
| rowspan="2" | mêm
| rowspan="2" | m
| rowspan="2" | mem
| rowspan="2" | m
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|מּ}}</span>
| mm
| mm
| mēm ḥāzāq
| mm
| {{IPA|[mm]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Nun (letter)|{{Script/Hebrew|ן&nbsp;נ}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| nun
| rowspan="2"| n
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[n]}}
| rowspan="2"| nun
| n
| rowspan="2"| nun
| n
| nūn
| n
| {{IPA|[n]}}
| rowspan="2" | nûn
| rowspan="2" | n
| rowspan="2" | nun
| rowspan="2" | n
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|נּ}}</span>
| nn
| nn
| nūn ḥāzāq
| nn
| {{IPA|[nn]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Samekh|{{Script/Hebrew|ס}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| samech
| rowspan="2"| s
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[s]}}
| rowspan="2"| samekh
| s
| rowspan="2"| samekh
| s
| sāmeḵ
| s
| {{IPA|[s]}}
| rowspan="2" | sāmek
| rowspan="2" | s
| rowspan="2" | samek
| rowspan="2" | s
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|סּ}}</span>
| ss
| ss
| sāmeḵ ḥāzāq
| ss
| {{IPA|[ss]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Ayin|{{Script/Hebrew|ע}}]]</span>
| ayin
| '<ref name="note_syl_br" group="note" />
| {{IPA|-}}
| ayin
| '<ref name="note_syl_br" group="note" />
| ʻayin
| ʻ
| ʿáyin
| ʿ
| {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
| ʿayin
| ʿ
| ayin
| ' or omit
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Pe (Semitic letter)|{{Script/Hebrew|ף&nbsp;פ}}]]</span>
| fei
| f
| {{IPA|[f]}}
| fe
| f
| fe
| f
| p̄ē
| p̄
| {{IPA|[f]}}
| rowspan="3" | pê
| p̄
| rowspan="3" | pe
| f
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|ףּ&nbsp;פּ}}</span><ref name="note_pe_hazak_sofit" group="note" />
| rowspan="2"| pei
| rowspan="2"| p
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[p]}}
| rowspan="2"| pe
| p
| rowspan="2"| pe
| p
| pē
| p
| {{IPA|[p]}}
| rowspan="2" | p
| rowspan="2" | p
|-
| pp
| pp
| pē ḥāzāq
| pp
| {{IPA|[pp]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Tsade|{{Script/Hebrew|ץ&nbsp;צ}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| tzadi
| rowspan="2"| tz, ts
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[t͡s]}}
| rowspan="2"| tsadi
| rowspan="2"| ts
| rowspan="2"| ẕadi
| ẕ
| ṣāḏē
| ṣ
| {{IPA|[sˤ]}}
| rowspan="2" | ṣādê
| rowspan="2" | ṣ
| rowspan="2" | tsade
| rowspan="2" | ts
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|צּ}}</span>
| ẕẕ
| ṣāḏē ḥāzāq
| ṣṣ
| {{IPA|[sˤsˤ]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|ץ׳&nbsp;צ׳}}</span><ref name="note_loan" group="note" />
| tshadi
| tsh, ch
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}

! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| čadi
| č
! colspan="7"| &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Qoph|{{Script/Hebrew|ק}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| kuf
| rowspan="2"| c, k
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[k]}}
| rowspan="2"| kuf
| k
| rowspan="2"| quf
| q
| qōp̄
| q
| {{IPA|[q]}}
| rowspan="2" | qôp̄
| rowspan="2" | q
| rowspan="2" | qof
| rowspan="2" | q
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|קּ}}</span>
| kk
| qq
| qōp̄ ḥāzāq
| qq
| {{IPA|[qq]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Resh|{{Script/Hebrew|ר}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| reish
| rowspan="2"| r
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[ʁ]}}
| rowspan="2"| resh
| r
| rowspan="2"| resh
| r
| rēš
| r
| {{IPA|[ʀ]}}
| rowspan="2" | rêš
| rowspan="2" | r
| rowspan="2" | resh
| rowspan="2" | r
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|רּ}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| rr
| rr
| rēš ḥāzāq
| rr
| {{IPA|[ʀʀ]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Shin (letter)|{{Script/Hebrew|שׁ}}]]</span>
| rowspan="2"| shin
| rowspan="2"| sh
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| rowspan="2"| shin
| rowspan="2"| sh
| rowspan="2"| shin
| rowspan="2"| sh
| šīn
| š
| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| rowspan="2" | šîn
| rowspan="2" | š
| rowspan="2" | shin
| rowspan="2" | sh
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|שּׁ}}</span>
| šīn ḥāzāq
| šš
| {{IPA|[ʃʃ]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|שׂ}}</span>
| rowspan="2"| sin
| rowspan="2"| s
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[s]}}
| rowspan="2"| sin
| s
| rowspan="2"| sin
| s
| śīn
| ś
| {{IPA|[s]}}
| rowspan="2" | śîn
| rowspan="2" | ś
| rowspan="2" | sin
| rowspan="2" | s
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|שּׂ}}</span>
| ss
| ss
| śīn ḥāzāq
| śś
| {{IPA|[ss]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">[[Taw|{{Script/Hebrew|ת}}]]</span>
| rowspan="3"| tav
| rowspan="3"| t
| rowspan="3"| {{IPA|[t]}}
| rowspan="3"| tav
| rowspan="2"| t
| rowspan="3"| taw
| rowspan="2"| t
| ṯāw
| ṯ
| {{IPA|[θ]}}
| rowspan="3" | tāw
| ṯ
| rowspan="3" | tav
| th
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|תּ}}
| tāw
| t
| {{IPA|[t]}}
| rowspan="2" | t
| rowspan="2" | t
|-
| tt
| tt
| tāw ḥāzāq
| tt
| {{IPA|[tt]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|ת׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| thav
| th
| {{IPA|[θ]}}

! colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| ṯaw
| ṯ

! colspan="7"| &nbsp;
|-

! colspan="15"| Forms used only in transliterations of Arabic
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|ח׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| [[ḫāʾ]]
| ḫ
| {{IPA|[χ]}}
! colspan="11" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|ט׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| [[ẓāʾ]]
| ẓ
| {{IPA|[ðˤ] ~ [zˤ]}}
! colspan="11" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|ע׳&nbsp;ר׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| [[ġayn]]
| ġ
| {{IPA|[ɣ] ~ [ʁ]}}
! colspan="11" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|ץ׳&nbsp;צ׳}}</span><ref name="note_foreign" group="note" />
| [[ḍād]]
| ḍ
| {{IPA|[dˤ]}}
! colspan="11" | &nbsp;
|-

! colspan="15"| Vowels
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|טְ}}
| shva nach
! colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| shva naẖ
! &nbsp;
| shewa naẖ
! &nbsp;
| šəwā nāḥ
! colspan="2"| &nbsp;
| rowspan="2" | vocal šĕwăʾ
| rowspan="2" | ĕ
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
| shva na
| e<ref name="note_shva" group="note" />
| {{IPA|[e̞]}}<ref name="note_shva" group="note" />
| shva na
| e<ref name="note_shva" group="note" />
| shewa naʻ
| e
| šəwā nāʻ
| ə
| {{IPA|[ɐ̆] <br /> [ɛ̆] <br /> [ĕ] <br /> [ĭ] <br /> [ɔ̆] <br /> [ŏ] <br /> [ŭ]}}
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|חֱ}}</span>
| chataf segol
| e
| {{IPA|[e̞]}}
| ẖataf seggol
| e
| ẖataf seggol
| e
| ḥăṭep̄ səḡōl
| ĕ
| {{IPA|[ɛ̆]}}
| ḥāṭēp sĕgŏl 
| ĕ
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|חֲ}}</span>
| chataf patach
| a
| {{IPA|[ä]}}
| ẖataf pataẖ
| a
| ẖataf pataẖ
| a
| ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ
| ă
| {{IPA|[ɐ̆]}}
| ḥāṭēp pataḥ
| ă
| khatef patakh
| a
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|חֳ}}</span>
| chataf kamatz
| o
| {{IPA|[o̞]}}
| ẖataf kamats
| o
| ẖataf qamaẕ
| o
| ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ
| ŏ
| {{IPA|[ɔ̆]}}
| ḥāṭēp qāmeṣ
| ŏ
| khatef qamets
| o
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|טִ}}
| rowspan="2"| chirik
| rowspan="2"| i
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[i]}}
| rowspan="2"| ẖirik
| rowspan="2"| i
| rowspan="2"| ẖiriq
| rowspan="2"| i
| ḥīreq qāṭān
| i
| {{IPA|[i]}}
| short ḥîreq
| i
| short hireq
| rowspan="2" | i
|-
| ḥīreq gāḏôl
| ī
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
| long ḥîreq
| ī
| long hireq
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|טֵ}}</span>
| tzeire
| rowspan="3"| e
| rowspan="3"| {{IPA|[e̞]}}
| tsere
| rowspan="3"| e
| ẕere
| rowspan="3"| e
| ṣērē
| ē
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
| ṣērê
| ē
| tsere
| rowspan="3" | e
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|טֶ}}
| rowspan="2"| segol
| rowspan="2"| seggol
| rowspan="2"| seggol
| səḡōl qāṭān
| e
| {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
| rowspan="2" | sĕgōl
| rowspan="2" | e
| rowspan="2" | segol
|-
| səḡōl gāḏōl
| é, ẹ
| {{IPA|[ɛː]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|טַ}}
| rowspan="2"| patach
| rowspan="3"| a
| rowspan="3"| {{IPA|[ä]}}
| rowspan="2"| pataẖ
| rowspan="3"| a
| rowspan="2"| pataẖ
| rowspan="3"| a
| páṯaḥ qāṭān
| a
| {{IPA|[ɐ]}}
| rowspan="2" | pataḥ
| rowspan="2" | a
| rowspan="2" | patakh
| rowspan="3" | a
|-
| páṯaḥ gāḏōl
| á, ạ
| {{IPA|[ɐː]}}
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="3" |{{Script/Hebrew|טָ}}
| kamatz gadol
| kamats gadol
| qamaẕ gadol
| rowspan="2"| qāmeṣ gāḏôl
| ā
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[ɔː]}}
| qāmeṣ
| ā
| qamets
|-
| rowspan="2"| kamatz katan
| rowspan="3" | o
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[o̞]}}
| rowspan="2"| kamats katan
| rowspan="3" | o
| rowspan="2"| qamaẕ qatan
| rowspan="3" | o
| ọ
| rowspan="2" | qāmeṣ ḥāṭûp
| rowspan="2" | o
| rowspan="2" | qamets khatuf
| rowspan="3" | o
|-
| qāmeṣ qāṭān
| o
| {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|-
|  align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|טֹ}}</span>
| cholam
| ẖolam
| ẖolam
| ḥōlem
| ō
| {{IPA|[oː]}}
| ḥōlem
| ō
| holem
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|טֻ}}
| rowspan="2"| kubutz
| rowspan="4"| u
| rowspan="4"| {{IPA|[u]}}
| rowspan="2"| kubbuts
| rowspan="4"| u
| rowspan="2"| qubbuẕ
| rowspan="4"| u
| qibbūṣ qāṭān
| u
| {{IPA|[u]}}
| short qibbûṣ
| u
| short qibbuts
| rowspan="4" | u
|-
| qibbūṣ gāḏōl
| ū
| {{IPA|[uː]}}
| long qibbûṣ
| ū
| long qibbuts
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2"|<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" >{{Script/Hebrew|טוּ}}</span><ref name="note_vav_dgusha" group="note" />
| rowspan="2"| shuruk
| rowspan="2"| shuruk
| rowspan="2"| shuruq
| šūreq qāṭān
| u
| {{IPA|[u]}}
| rowspan="2" | šûreq
| rowspan="2" | û
| rowspan="2" | shureq
|-
| šūreq gāḏōl
| ū
| {{IPA|[uː]}}
|-
! colspan="15" | Other Vowels
|-
|  align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|וֹ}}</span>
! colspan="10" | &nbsp;
| full ḥōlem
| ô
| full holem
| o
|-
|  align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|טִי}}</span>
! colspan="10" | &nbsp;
| ḥîreq yôd
| î
| hireq yod
| i
|-
| style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"  align="center" |{{Script/Hebrew|טָה}}
! colspan="10" | &nbsp;
| final qāmeṣ hê
| â
| final qamets he
| ah
|-
! colspan="15" | Israeli Diphthongs
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|טֵי}}</span>
| tzeire yud
| rowspan="2" | ei
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[e̞j]}}
| tsere
| rowspan="2" | e
| ẕere
| rowspan="2" | e
| ṣērē
| ē
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
| ṣērê yôd
| rowspan="2" | ê
| tsere yod
| e
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|טֶי}}</span>
| segol yud
| seggol
| seggol
| səḡōl
| e, é, ẹ
| {{IPA|[ɛ(ː)]}}
| sĕgōl yôd
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|טַי&nbsp;טַיְ}}</span>
| patach yud
| rowspan="2"| ai
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[äj]}}
| pataẖ yud
| rowspan="2"| ay
| pataẖ yud
| rowspan="2"| ay
| páṯaḥ yōḏ
| ay, áy, ạy
| {{IPA|[ɐ(ː)j]}}
| pataḥ yôd
| ai
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2" |{{Script/Hebrew|טָי&nbsp;טָיְ}}
| kamatz gadol yud
| kamats gadol yud
| qamaẕ gadol yud
| rowspan="2"| qāmeṣ yōḏ
| rowspan="2"| āy, oy, ọy
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[ɔ(ː)j]}}
| rowspan="2" | qāmeṣ yôd
| rowspan="2" | āi
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
| kamatz katan yud
| rowspan="2"| oi
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[o̞j]}}
| kamats katan yud
| rowspan="2"| oy
| qamaẕ qatan yud
| rowspan="2"| oy
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|טֹי&nbsp;טֹיְ}}</span>
| cholam yud
| ẖolam yud
| ẖolam yud
| ḥōlem yōḏ
| ōy
| {{IPA|[oːj]}}
| ḥōlem yôd
| ōi
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|טֻי&nbsp;טֻיְ}}</span>
| kubutz yud
| rowspan="2"| ui
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[uj]}}
| kubbuts yud
| rowspan="2"| uy
| qubbuẕ yud
| rowspan="2"| uy
| ḥōlem yōḏ
| rowspan="2"| uy, ūy
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[u(ː)j]}}
| qibbûṣ yôd
| ui
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|-
| align="center" |<span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em">{{Script/Hebrew|טוּי&nbsp;טוּיְ}}</span>
| shuruk yud
| shuruk yud
| shuruq yud
| šūreq yōḏ
| šûreq yôd
| ûi
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|}

=====Notes=====
{{Reflist|group="note"|refs=
{{#tag:ref|Rarely, [[loanwords]] or their [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivations]] contain the phoneme {{IPA|/w/}}, which [[Linguistic prescription|standardly]] is spelled with "{{Script/Hebrew|ו}}", indistinguishably from "{{Script/Hebrew|ו}}" denoting {{IPA|/v/}}.<ref name="transliteration_rules">[http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf Announcements of the Academy of the Hebrew Language] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015060444/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf |date=2013-10-15 }}</ref> Some non-standard distinguishing ways of spelling exist, such as "{{Script/Hebrew|ו׳}}" or word-initial "{{Script/Hebrew|וו}}" (see [[Vav (letter)#Pronunciation|orthographic variants of vav]]), but their usage is not consistent. Therefore, correctly romanizing the "{{Script/Hebrew|ו}}" as {{IPA|/w/}} cannot rely on [[orthography]] but rather on lexical knowledge, e.g. "{{Script/Hebrew|דַּאַוִין}}" [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D3%u05D0%u05D5%u05D5%u05D9%u05DF <sup>Morfix</sup>] → "da'awín", "{{Script/Hebrew|בָּאֲוִיר}}" [http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D1%u05D0%u05D5%u05D5%u05D9%u05E8 <sup>Morfix</sup>] → "ba'avír".|name="note_w"|group="note"}}
<ref name="note_pe_hazak_sofit" group="note">The pe hazak sofit {{Script/Hebrew|ףּ}} is found once in the [[Tanakh]] ([[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] 30:6). But {{Script/Hebrew|ף}} is never used for {{IPA|/p/}} in Modern Hebrew, with {{Script/Hebrew|פ}} being used in all positions, including word-finally.</ref>
<ref name="note_syl_br" group="note">Functions only as a syllable break in Israeli Hebrew. So, when transcribed, is omitted everywhere except in circumstances where omission would be ambiguous, such as immediately after consonants or between vowels.</ref>
<ref name="note_init_omit" group="note">Omitted at the beginnings of words.</ref>
<ref name="note_vav_dgusha" group="note">[[Shuruk]] and "{{Script/Hebrew|ו}}" with a [[dagesh]] look identical ("{{Script/Hebrew|וּ}}") and are only distinguishable through the fact that in text with [[nikud]], "{{Script/Hebrew|ו}}" with a [[dagesh]] will normally be attributed a vocal point in addition, e.g. {{Script/Hebrew|שׁוּק}}, ("a market"), trans. "shuk" (the "{{Script/Hebrew|וּ}}" denotes a [[shuruk]]) as opposed to {{Script/Hebrew|שִׁוֵּק}} ("to market"), trans. "shivék" (the "{{Script/Hebrew|וּ}}" denotes a vav with [[dagesh]]). In the word {{Script/Hebrew|שִׁוּוּק}} ("marketing"), trans. "shivúk", the first ("{{Script/Hebrew|וּ}}") denotes a vav with dagesh, the second a shuruk, being the vocal point attributed to the first.</ref>
<ref name="note_i" group="note">Usually written as ''i'' after a vowel and either before a consonant or syllable break or at the end of a word.</ref>
<ref name="note_loan" group="note">For phonemes in [[loanwords]] or their [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivations]]. These are not used in Classical Hebrew, so are omitted from the ISO 259 columns.</ref>
<ref name="note_foreign" group="note">Hebrew-letter transliterations of foreign phonemes (used only for the transliterition of [[proper name]]s or foreign language texts, never in native words or [[loanword]]s).</ref>
<ref name="note_shva" group="note">Israeli Hebrew typically demotes shva na to silent shva nach in situations where it can be comfortably omitted in common speech, creating consonant clusters that would otherwise not be permitted in older varieties of Hebrew. In situations where this happens, the shva is typically not transliterated at all, or is at most transliterated with an apostrophe (') – see [[shva]].</ref>
}}