Editing Rust Belt (section)

===Outcomes===
[[File:2020 census reapportionment.svg|thumb|Every state that lost a House seat due to population loss following the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], except [[California]], is part of the Rust Belt.]]
In 1999, [[Francis Fukuyama]] wrote that the social and cultural consequences of deindustrialization and manufacturing decline that turned a former thriving Factory Belt into a Rust Belt as a part of a bigger transitional trend that he called the ''Great Disruption'':<ref>Fukuyama, Francis. ''The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order''. New York: Free Press, 1999.</ref> "People associate the information age with the advent of the Internet in the 1990s, but the shift from the industrial era started more than a generation earlier, with the deindustrialization of the Rust Belt in the United States and comparable movements away from manufacturing in other industrialized countries. … The decline is readily measurable in statistics on crime, fatherless children, broken trust, reduced opportunities for and outcomes from education, and the like".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Fukuyama |first=Francis |date=May 1999 |title=Human Nature and the Reconstruction of Social Order |url=https://spot.colorado.edu/~mcguire/disruption.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715074054/http://www.wesjones.com/fukuyama.htm |archive-date=2018-07-15 |access-date=2024-12-13 |magazine=The Atlantic |pages=55–80 |volume=283 |issue=5}}</ref>

Problems associated with the Rust Belt persist even today, particularly around the eastern Great Lakes states, and many once-booming manufacturing metropolises dramatically slowed down.<ref>Feyrer, James, Bruce Sacerdote, and Ariel Dora Stern. [https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/brookings-wharton_papers_on_urban_affairs/v2007/2007.1saiz.pdf Did the Rust Belt Become Shiny? A Study of Cities and Counties That Lost Steel and Auto Jobs in the 1980s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003441/https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fbrookings-wharton_papers_on_urban_affairs%2Fv2007%2F2007.1saiz.pdf |date=March 5, 2016 }}. ''Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs'' (2007): 41–102.</ref> From 1970 to 2006, Cleveland, Detroit, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh lost about 45% of their population and median household incomes fell: in Cleveland and Detroit by about 30%, in Buffalo by 20%, and Pittsburgh by 10%.<ref>Daniel Hartley. "Urban Decline in Rust-Belt Cities." Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Economic Commentary, Number 2013-06, May 20, 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730195948/http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/commentary/2013/2013-06.pdf PDF]</ref>

During the mid-1990s, several Rust Belt metropolitan areas experienced a suspension in negative growth, indicated by stabilizing unemployment, wages, and populations.<ref>Glenn King. Census Brief: "Rust Belt" Rebounds, CENBR/98-7, Issued December 1998. [https://www.census.gov/prod/99pubs/cenbr987.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718104854/https://www.census.gov/prod/99pubs/cenbr987.pdf |date=July 18, 2018 }}</ref> During the first decade of the 21st century, however, a negative trend still persisted: Detroit, Michigan lost 25.7% of its population; Gary, Indiana, 22%; Youngstown, Ohio, 18.9%; Flint, Michigan, 18.7%; and Cleveland, Ohio, 14.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323687604578467134234625160 |title=Mark Peters, Jack Nicas. "Rust Belt Reaches for Immigration Tide", ''The Wall Street Journal'', May 13, 2013, A3. |work=Wall Street Journal |date=May 12, 2013 |access-date=August 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227004220/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323687604578467134234625160 |url-status=live |last1=Peters |first1=Mark |last2=Nicas |first2=Jack }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" border="1" style="text-align:right"
|+2000–2020 population change in Rust Belt cities
|-
! rowspan="2" | City
! rowspan="2" | State
! colspan="4" | Population
|-
! change !! 2020<ref name="USCensusEst2018">{{cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=United States Census Bureau |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711040810/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |url-status=live }}</ref>!! 2000
! Peak
|-
| align=left| [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] || [[Michigan]] || -32.81%|| 639,111 || 951,270
|1,849,568 (1950)
|-
| align=left| [[Gary, Indiana]] || [[Indiana]] || -31.97% || 69,903 || 102,746
|178,320 (1960)
|-
| align=left| [[Flint, Michigan]] || Michigan || -34.97% || 81,252 || 124,943
|196,940 (1960)
|-
| align=left| [[Saginaw, Michigan]] || Michigan || -28.47% || 44,202 || 61,799
|98,265 (1960)
|-
| align=left| [[Youngstown, Ohio]] || [[Ohio]] || -26.77% || 60,068 || 82,026
|170,002 (1930)
|-
| align=left| [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]] || Ohio || -22.11% || 372,624 || 478,403
|914,808 (1950)
|-
| align=left| [[Dayton, Ohio]] || Ohio || -17.17% || 137,644 || 166,179
|262,332 (1960)
|-
| align=left| [[Niagara Falls, New York]] || [[New York (state)|New York]] || -12.45% || 48,671 || 55,593
|102,394 (1960)
|-
| align=left| [[Baltimore, Maryland]] || [[Maryland]] || -5.7% || 585,708 || 620,961
|949,708 (1950)
|-
| align=left| [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] || [[Missouri]] || -13.39% || 301,578 || 348,189
|856,796 (1950)
|-
| align=left| [[Decatur, Illinois]] || [[Illinois]] || -13.85% || 70,522 || 81,860
|94,081 (1980)
|-
| align=left| [[Canton, Ohio]] || Ohio || -12.29% || 70,872 || 80,806 
|116,912 (1950)
|-
| align=left| [[Buffalo, New York]] || New York || -4.89% || 278,349 || 292,648
|580,132 (1950)
|-
| align=left| [[Toledo, Ohio]] || Ohio || -13.63% || 270,871 || 313,619	
|383,818 (1970)
|-
| align=left| [[Lakewood, Ohio]] || Ohio || -10.07% || 50,942 || 56,646	
|70,509 (1930)
|-
| align=left| [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] || [[Pennsylvania]] || -9.44% || 302,971 || 334,563
|676,806 (1950)
|-
| align=left| [[Pontiac, Michigan]] || Michigan || -7.13% || 61,606 || 66,337
|85,279 (1970)
|-
| align=left| [[Springfield, Ohio]] || Ohio || -10.25% || 58,662 || 65,358
|82,723 (1960)
|-
| align=left| [[Akron, Ohio]] || Ohio || -12.26% || 190,469 || 217,074
|290,351 (1960)
|-
| align=left| [[Hammond, Indiana]] || Indiana || -6.22% || 77,879 || 83,048
|111,698 (1960)
|-
| align=left| [[Cincinnati|Cincinnati, Ohio]] || Ohio || -6.63% || 309,317 || 331,285
|503,998 (1950)
|-
| align=left| [[Parma, Ohio]] || Ohio || -5.26% || 81,146 || 85,655
|100,216 (1970)
|-
| align=left| [[Lorain, Ohio]] || Ohio || -6.74% || 64,028 || 68,652
|78,185 (1970)
|-
| align=left| [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] || Illinois || -5.17% || 2,746,388 || 2,896,016
|3,620,962 (1950)
|-
| align=left| [[South Bend, Indiana]] || Indiana || -4.02% || 103,453 || 107,789
|132,445 (1960)
|-
| align=left| [[Charleston, West Virginia]] || [[West Virginia]] || -8.53% || 48,864|| 53,421
|85,796 (1960)
|}

In the late 2000s, American manufacturing recovered faster from the [[Great Recession]] of 2008 than the other sectors of the economy,<ref>{{cite news|title=Rustbelt recovery: Against all the odds, American factories are coming back to life. Thank the rest of the world for that|url=https://www.economist.com/node/18332894|access-date=September 21, 2011|newspaper=The Economist|date=March 10, 2011|archive-date=July 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724221826/http://www.economist.com/node/18332894|url-status=live}} [http://www.acmeind.com/wp-content/uploads/Economist_Rustbelt_Recovery_031011.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611024302/http://www.acmeind.com/wp-content/uploads/Economist_Rustbelt_Recovery_031011.pdf |date=June 11, 2017 }}</ref> and a number of initiatives, both public and private, are encouraging the development of alternative fuel, nano and other technologies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Greening the rustbelt: In the shadow of the climate bill, the industrial Midwest begins to get ready|url=https://www.economist.com/node/14214855|access-date=September 21, 2011|newspaper=The Economist|date=August 13, 2009|archive-date=February 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216210318/http://www.economist.com/node/14214855|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Along with the neighboring [[Golden Horseshoe]] of southern [[Ontario]], the Rust Belt composes one of the world's major manufacturing regions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beyers|first=William|title=Major Manufacturing Regions of the World|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:fnpUF-Xs3KYJ:faculty.washington.edu/beyers/Chapter7_Warf.ppt+manufacturing+regions+of+the+world&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgeUfyEVJ5-UCp5x3EGgctSVlVRoGItKLn-AVIw0gHisfIXJfVXNS0dClkwio0EWrpZ3SoH8Pfw2z0ryZ2eV8thdhyVXBYU3abQthuNuf8L4Dkj1O1DhZ22H7OWQNI_K9VdPqPX&sig=AHIEtbTNoQ3I1K5J25TpcXYenB0tMs3lIg|publisher=Department of Geography, the University of Washington|access-date=September 21, 2011|archive-date=December 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224173113/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AfnpUF-Xs3KYJ%3Afaculty.washington.edu%2Fbeyers%2FChapter7_Warf.ppt+manufacturing+regions+of+the+world&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgeUfyEVJ5-UCp5x3EGgctSVlVRoGItKLn-AVIw0gHisfIXJfVXNS0dClkwio0EWrpZ3SoH8Pfw2z0ryZ2eV8thdhyVXBYU3abQthuNuf8L4Dkj1O1DhZ22H7OWQNI_K9VdPqPX&sig=AHIEtbTNoQ3I1K5J25TpcXYenB0tMs3lIg|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230213085028/http://www.maderacountyedc.com/mcedc_feb2013/mfg213.pdf Rust Belt is still the heart of U.S. manufacturing]</ref>