Editing Samuel C. C. Ting (section)

== Research ==
* Discovery of nuclear anti-matter (the anti-deuteron).<ref name="anti-deuteron">{{Cite journal |author=Dorfan, D. E |date=June 1965 |title=Observation of Antideuterons |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=14 |issue=24 |pages=1003–1006 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.1003 |last2=Eades |first2=J. |last3=Lederman |first3=L. M. |last4=Lee |first4=W. |last5=Ting |first5=C. C. |bibcode=1965PhRvL..14.1003D}}{{cite journal
|title=Observation of Antideuterons
|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.
|volume=14
|number=24
|pages=1003–1006
|year=1965
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.1003
|last1=Dorfan
|first1=D. E.
|last2=Eades
|first2=J.
|last3=Lederman
|first3=L. M.
|last4=Lee
|first4=W.
|last5=Ting
|first5=C. C.
|bibcode=1965PhRvL..14.1003D
}}</ref> 
* Measuring the size of the [[electron]] family (the electron, the muon, and the tau) showing that the electron family has zero size (with a radius smaller than 10<sup>−17</sup> cm).<ref name="validity_quantum_electrodynamics">{{cite journal|last1=Asbury|first1=J. G.|last2=Bertram|first2=W. K.|last3=Becker|first3=U.|last4=Joos|first4=P.|last5=Rohde|first5=M.|last6=Smith|first6=A. J. S.|last7=Friedlander|first7=S.|last8=Jordan|first8=C.|last9=Ting|first9=C. C.|title=Validity of Quantum Electrodynamics at Small Distances|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=18|issue=2|year=1967|pages=65–70|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.18.65|bibcode=1967PhRvL..18...65A|s2cid=120873954|url=http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/321849/files/PhysRevLett.18.65.pdf|access-date=September 27, 2020|archive-date=June 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612223842/http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/321849/files/PhysRevLett.18.65.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Precision study of [[light rays]] and massive light rays showing that light rays and massive light rays (vector mesons) can transform into each other at high energies and providing a critical verification of the [[quark model]].<ref name="light_rays">{{cite journal|last1=Asbury|first1=J. G.|last2=Becker|first2=U.|last3=Bertram|first3=William K.|last4=Joos|first4=P.|last5=Rohde|first5=M.|last6=Smith|first6=A. J. S.|last7=Jordan|first7=C. L.|last8=Ting|first8=Samuel C. C.|title=Leptonic Decays of Vector Mesons: The Branching Ratio of the Electron-Positron Decay Mode of the Rho Meson|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=19|issue=15|year=1967|pages=869–872|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.869|bibcode=1967PhRvL..19..869A|s2cid=198471242|url=http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/321846/files/PhysRevLett.19.869.pdf|access-date=September 24, 2019|archive-date=September 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924082725/http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/321846/files/PhysRevLett.19.869.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="photoproduction">{{cite journal|last1=Asbury|first1=J. G.|last2=Bertram|first2=William K.|last3=Becker|first3=U.|last4=Joos|first4=P.|last5=Rohde|first5=M.|last6=Smith|first6=A. J. S.|last7=Friedlander|first7=S.|last8=Jordan|first8=C. L.|last9=Ting|first9=Samuel C. C.|title=Photoproduction of Wide-Angle Electron-Positron Pairs at High Energies|journal=Physical Review|volume=161|issue=5|year=1967|pages=1344–1355|issn=0031-899X|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.161.1344|bibcode=1967PhRv..161.1344A|s2cid=121002799|url=http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/search?p=id:%22PUBDB-2017-02779%22|access-date=September 27, 2020|archive-date=June 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617210228/http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/search?p=id:%22PUBDB-2017-02779%22|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Precision measurement of the radius of the [[atomic nuclei]].<ref name="validity_quantum_electrodynamics_extremely_small_distances">{{cite journal|last1=Alvensleben|first1=H.|display-authors=etal|title=Validity of Quantum Electrodynamics at Extremely Small Distances|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=21|issue=21|year=1968|pages=1501–1503|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.21.1501|bibcode=1968PhRvL..21.1501A|url=https://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/322015|access-date=September 27, 2020|archive-date=February 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222035212/http://bib-pubdb1.desy.de/record/322015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Discovery of a new kind of matter (the [[J particle]])<ref name="particle_j">{{cite journal
|title=Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle ''J''
|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.
|volume=33
|number=23
|pages=1404–1406
|year=1974
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404
|last1=Aubert
|first1=J. J.
|display-authors=etal 
|bibcode=1974PhRvL..33.1404A
|doi-access=free
}}</ref> at the [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]. The [[Nobel Prize]] was awarded to Ting for this discovery.
* Discovery of the [[gluon]] (the particle responsible for transmitting the nuclear force).<ref name="gluon">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Barber|first1=D. |title=Discovery of Three-Jet Events and a Test of Quantum Chromodynamics at PETRA|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=43|issue=12|year=1979|pages=830–833|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.830|bibcode=1979PhRvL..43..830B|s2cid=13903005 }}</ref>
* A systematic study of the properties of gluons.<ref name="systemtic_study_gluons">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Barber|first1=D.P.|title=Tests of quantum chromodynamics and a direct measurement of the strong coupling constant αs at √s=30 GeV|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=89|issue=1|year=1979|pages=139–144|issn=0370-2693|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(79)90092-3|bibcode=1979PhLB...89..139B}}</ref>
* A precision measurement of [[muon]] charge asymmetry, demonstrating for the first time the validity of the Standard [[Electroweak]] Model ([[Steven Weinberg]], [[Sheldon Glashow]] and [[Abdus Salam]]).<ref name="muon_charge_asymmetry">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Barber|first1=D.P.|title=Unique solution for the weak neutral current coupling constants in purely leptonic interactions|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=95|issue=1|year=1980|pages=149–153|issn=0370-2693|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(80)90420-7|bibcode=1980PhLB...95..149B}}</ref>
* Determination of the number of electron families and [[neutrino]] species in the Universe and the precision verification of the [[Electroweak]] Unification Theory.<ref name="electron_families">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Adeva|first1=B.|title=Measurement of Z0 decays to hadrons, and a precise determination of the number of neutrino species|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=237|issue=1|year=1990|pages=136–146|issn=0370-2693|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(90)90476-M|bibcode=1990PhLB..237..136A|hdl=2027.42/28683|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* Proposed, constructed and leads the [[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer]] (AMS) experiment on the International Space Station involving the participation of a 16 nation collaboration searching for the existence of [[antimatter]], the origin of [[dark matter]] and the properties of [[cosmic rays]].<ref name="ams-01">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Ahlen|first1=S.|title=An antimatter spectrometer in space|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|volume=350|issue=1–2|year=1994|pages=351–367|issn=0168-9002|doi=10.1016/0168-9002(94)91184-3|bibcode=1994NIMPA.350..351A}}</ref><ref name="ams01-physics-report">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|last1=Aguilar|title=The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part I – results from the test flight on the space shuttle|journal=Physics Reports|volume=366|issue=6|year=2002|pages=331–405|issn=0370-1573|doi=10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00013-3|bibcode=2002PhR...366..331A|s2cid=122726107 }}</ref>
* Development of the first large [[superconducting magnet]] for space application.   
* AMS results, based on nine years in space and more than 160 billion cosmic rays, have changed our understanding of the cosmos.<ref name="ams02-first-results">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=First Result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station: Precision Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–350 GeV|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=110|issue=14|year=2013|page=141102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.141102|pmid=25166975|bibcode=2013PhRvL.110n1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/81241|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AccardoAguilar2014">{{cite journal|last=Accardo|first=L.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=High Statistics Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–500 GeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=113|issue=12|year=2014|page=121101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.121101|pmid=25279616|bibcode=2014PhRvL.113l1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/90505|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-electron_positron">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Electron and Positron Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=113|issue=12|year=2014|page=121102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.121102|pmid=25279617|bibcode=2014PhRvL.113l1102A|hdl=1721.1/90426|s2cid=2585508|url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/1756487 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-electron_and_positron">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the (e++e−) Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=113|issue=22|year=2014|page=221102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.221102|pmid=25494065|bibcode=2014PhRvL.113v1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=11365/981933|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-proton">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the Proton Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from Rigidity 1 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=114|issue=17|year=2015|page=171103|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.171103|pmid=25978222|bibcode=2015PhRvL.114q1103A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/26836|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-helium">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the Helium Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays of Rigidities 1.9 GV to 3 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=115|issue=21|year=2015|page=211101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.211101|pmid=26636836|bibcode=2015PhRvL.115u1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/26975|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-antiproton_proton_ratio">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Antiproton Flux, Antiproton-to-Proton Flux Ratio, and Properties of Elementary Particle Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=117|issue=9|year=2016|page=091103|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.091103|pmid=27610839|bibcode=2016PhRvL.117i1103A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/109505|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-boron_carbon_ratio">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of the Boron to Carbon Flux Ratio in Cosmic Rays from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=117|issue=23|year=2016|page=231102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.231102|pmid=27982618|bibcode=2016PhRvL.117w1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/106916|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-he_c_o">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of the Identical Rigidity Dependence of He, C, and O Cosmic Rays at High Rigidities by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=119|issue=25|year=2017|page=251101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.251101|pmid=29303302|bibcode=2017PhRvL.119y1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27534|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-secondary">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of New Properties of Secondary Cosmic Rays Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=120|issue=2|year=2018|page=021101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.021101|pmid=29376729|bibcode=2018PhRvL.120b1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27558|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-time_p_he">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of Fine Time Structures in the Cosmic Proton and Helium Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=121|issue=5|year=2018|page=051101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051101|pmid=30118264|bibcode=2018PhRvL.121e1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=11511/28440|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-time_e-_e+">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Observation of Complex Time Structures in the Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=121|issue=5|year=2018|page=051102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051102|pmid=30118287|bibcode=2018PhRvL.121e1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27696|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-ni">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=121|issue=5|year=2018|page=051103|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051103|pmid=30118280|bibcode=2018PhRvL.121e1103A|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.26/27698|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-positrons">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Positrons|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=122|issue=4|year=2019|page=041102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.041102|pmid=30768313|bibcode=2019PhRvL.122d1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=11572/226282|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-electrons">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Electrons|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=122|issue=10|year=2019|page=101101|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.101101|pmid=30932626|bibcode=2019PhRvL.122j1101A|doi-access=free|hdl=11572/230954|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AguilarAli Cavasonza2019">{{cite journal|last1=Aguilar|first1=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Properties of Cosmic Helium Isotopes Measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=123|issue=18|year=2019|page=181102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.181102|pmid=31763896|bibcode=2019PhRvL.123r1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/133438|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ams02-ne_mg_si">{{cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=M.|collaboration=AMS Collaboration|title=Properties of Neon, Magnesium, and Silicon Primary Cosmic Rays Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=124|issue=21|year=2020|page=211102|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.211102|pmid=32530660|bibcode=2020PhRvL.124u1102A|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/133557.2|hdl-access=free}}</ref>