Editing Science and technology in China (section)

== National programs ==
As of 2010, China's national R&D programs encompassed the:<ref name=Centra2011/>
* Key Technologies Program (renamed in 2006 as  "zhicheng" or Support)
* National High Technology Program ([[863 Program]])
* National Basic Research Program ([[Program 973|973 Program]])
* Spark Program - Rural technology
* Torch Program - New technology commercialization by creating special hi-tech zones and incubators
* Key Laboratories Program
* Engineering Research Centers
* State Key and New Product Program
* Innovation Fund for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
* Special Technology Development Project for Research Institutes
* Action Plan for Promoting Trade by Science and Technology
* National New Products Program
* Agricultural S&T Transfer Fund

The major national programs received 15-20% of government R&D spending in 2010. They funded research, after a stated competitive proposal procedure, in universities, institutes, and enterprise. Important project may receive funding from several programs. The programs have arguably had a strong effect but have also been involved in scandals, corruption and fraud. They have been accused mainly of producing derivative works rather than driving innovation and it has been claimed that they ignore merit in selecting projects in favor of [[cronyism]]. China is trying to improve its efficiency through measures such as more peer-review and evaluations.<ref name=Centra2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2011/USCC_REPORT_China's_Program_forScience_and_Technology_Modernization.pdf|title=Data|website=uscc.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102190020/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2011/USCC_REPORT_China's_Program_forScience_and_Technology_Modernization.pdf|archive-date=2013-01-02}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund]] was established in an effort to reduce dependence on foreign [[semiconductor]] companies.<ref name=":Zhang">{{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Angela Huyue |title=High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9780197682258 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001}}</ref>{{Rp|page=274}}