Editing Scordisci (section)

==History==
===4th and 3rd century BC===
Celtic expansion reached the Carpathians in the beginning of the 4th century BC.{{sfn|Mócsy|1974|p=5}} According to [[Livy]], perhaps based on Celtic legend, the Celts that migrated to Italy and Illyria numbered 300,000.{{sfn|Mócsy|1974|p=5}} The Celts established themselves in Pannonia, subjugating the Pannonians, and in the end of the 4th century they renewed raids into the Balkans.{{sfn|Mócsy|1974|p=5}} By the early 3rd century BC, Pannonia had been Celtiziced.{{sfn|Mócsy|1974|p=7}} The Celts, retreating from [[Delphi]] (280–278&nbsp;BC), settled on the mouth of the Sava and called themselves Scordisci.{{sfn|Mócsy|1974|p=7}} The Scordisci established control to the north of the [[Dardani]].{{sfn|Mócsy|1974|p=9}} There is no mention of the Scordisci until the reign of [[Philip V of Macedon]] (r. 221–179&nbsp;BC), when they emerge as Macedon allies against the Dardani and Rome.{{sfn|Mócsy|1974|p=9}} The Scordisci, having conquered the important Sava valley, the only route to Italy, in the second half of the 3rd century BC, "gradually became the most important power in the northern Balkans".{{sfn|Mócsy|1974|p=10}}

They controlled the various Pannonian groups in the region, extracting tribute and enjoying the status of the most powerful group in the central Balkans (see the [[Triballi]], [[Autariatae]], [[Dardani|Dardanians]] and [[Moesians]]), and they erected fortresses in [[Singidunum]]<ref>Celts and the Classical World by David Rankin, {{ISBN|0-415-15090-6}}, 1996, p. 188: "...of the survivors of Brenus expedition the Scordisci founded Singidunum..."</ref> (today's city of [[Belgrade]]) and [[Taurunum]] (modern [[Zemun]]). They subjugated a number of groups{{when|date=May 2016}} in Moesia, including the [[Dardani]], several west [[Thracian tribes]] and the [[Paeonians]].{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

===2nd century BC===
The Scordisci most likely subdued the Dardani in the mid-2nd century BC, after which there was for a long time no mention of the Dardani.{{sfn|Mócsy|1974|p=12}} From 141&nbsp;BC, the Scordisci were constantly involved in battles against Roman-held Macedonia. They were defeated in 135&nbsp;BC.<ref>The praetorship in the Roman Republic by [[T. Corey Brennan]], 2000, page 229, "For his part, Cosconius campaigned successfully against the Scordisci..."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Papazoglu|1978|p=286}} "As to where the battle between the Scordisci and Cosconius' troops took place, nothing definite can be said. The Scordisci had perhaps entered Thrace [...]"</ref> by [[Cosconius]] in Thrace.<ref name="Livy2007">{{cite book|author=Livy|title=Rome's Mediterranean Empire: Books 41-45 and the Periochae|url=https://archive.org/details/romesmediterrane0000livy|url-access=registration|date=8 November 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-160539-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/romesmediterrane0000livy/page/268 268]–|quote=In Thrace, the praetor Marcus Cosconius fought successfully against the Scordisci [...]}}</ref> In 118&nbsp;BC, according to a memorial<ref name="Kos2005">{{cite book|author=Marjeta Šašel Kos|title=Appian and Illyricum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opBpAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Narodni Muzej Slovenije|isbn=978-961-6169-36-3|page=151|quote=A general who lost his life during an attack by the Scordisci is even epigraphically attested: the praetor Sextus Pompeius. His defeat is documented [...]}}</ref> stone discovered near [[Thessalonica]], [[Sextus Pompeius]], probably the grandfather of the triumvir, was slain fighting against them near [[Stobi]]. In 114&nbsp;BC, they surprised and destroyed the army of [[Gaius Porcius Cato]]<ref name="Hazel2002">{{cite book|author=John Hazel|title=Who's Who in the Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzmCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|date=26 September 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-59251-7|pages=58–|quote=Cato 1, Gaius Porcius [...] was consul in 114&nbsp;BC, when he lost a battle against the Scordisci in Macedonia [...]}}</ref> in the western mountains of [[Serbia]], but two years later they were defeated by [[Marcus Livius Drusus (consul)|Marcus Livius Drusus]] (112 BC) and a few years later again by [[Marcus Minucius Rufus (consul 110 BC)|Minucius Rufus]] (107 BC).<ref>The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43&nbsp;BC by J. A. Crook, [[Andrew Lintott]], and Elizabeth Rawson, 1994, {{ISBN|0-521-25603-8}}, Back matter, "M.Minucius Rufius over the Scordisci and the Thracians..."</ref> However, they did not give up their claim over Pannonia, since there is mention of their involvement in the second siege of Sisak in 119&nbsp;BC.

===1st century BC===
[[File:Roman period tribes in Illyria and Lower Pannonia.png|thumb|right|Population groups in the Balkans, c. 50&nbsp;BC]]

They still, from time to time, gave trouble to the Roman governors of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]], whose territory they invaded in combination with the [[Maedi]] and [[Dardani]]. They even advanced as far as [[Delphi]] and plundered the temple; but [[Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83&nbsp;BC)|Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus]] finally overcame them in 88&nbsp;BC and drove them across the Danube. After this, the power of the Scordisci declined rapidly. This decline was more a result of the political situation in barbaricum rather than the effects of Roman campaigns, as their clients, especially the Pannonians, became more powerful and politically independent. Between 56 and 50&nbsp;BC, the Scordisci were defeated by [[Burebista]]'s [[Dacians]], and became subject to him.<ref>Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, {{ISBN|0-7618-4465-1}}, 2009, p. 51: "... Many Scordisci and Breuci settled in [[Dacia]] nevertheless and were eventually absorbed into the local population."</ref>

They were crushed in 15&nbsp;BC by [[Tiberius]],<ref>Paterculus: The Tiberian Narrative (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries) by Velleius Paterculus and A. J. Woodman, {{ISBN|0-521-60935-6}}, 2004, p. 106, "...that in 12&nbsp;B.C. Tiberius used the Scordisci tribe as allies, though in 16 they had been enemies of Rome (54.20.3). V. has already told us (39-3) that it was he who reconciled these natives to Rome presumably around 15 after his Alpine campaigns..."</ref> and became Roman subjects, playing the part as mercenaries.<ref>Tiberius (Blackwell Ancient Lives) by Robin Seager, {{ISBN|1-4051-1529-7}}, 2005, p. 21, "Tiberius subdued Pannonia, making good use of a friendly tribe, the Scordisci."</ref> Other sources say the Romans made alliance with the Scordisci in Sirmium and Danube valleys following the Alpine campaign under Tiberius in 15&nbsp;BC, the alliance would be crucial for the victory over the Pannonians (15 BC) and later [[Breuci]] (12 BC).

===Dacian conquest===
The [[Dacians|Dacian]] conquest of the Scordisci around 50 BC, likely involved a combination of military campaigns, negotiations, and possibly the establishment of a [[vassal]] relationship. While specific details are scarce, it's believed that [[Burebista]], the [[Dacians|Dacian]] king, exerted his influence over the Scordisci either through military victories or diplomatic agreements, expanding [[Dacians|Dacian]] control over their territory. The exact nature of this conquest may vary based on historical interpretation and the available evidence.

===1st century AD===
[[Strabo]]'s ''[[Geographica]]'' (20&nbsp;BC – 23&nbsp;AD) mentions that one subgroup of the Scordisci, the Major Scordisci, lived between the mouth of the Sava and mouth of the Morava,<ref>{{cite book|author=Vasa Čubrilović|title=Istorija Beograda|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bMBAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|page=41|quote=Страбон ... Велики Скордисци}}</ref> while the other subgroup, the Minor Scordisci, lived to the east of the Morava, bordering the Moesi and Triballi.

They started receiving Roman citizenship during [[Trajan]]'s rule (98–117&nbsp;AD).<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1992|p=256}} "... reign of Trajan (AD 98-117), does the Roman citizenship begin to appear among the Illyrian communities of southeast Pannonia, the Andizetes, Scordisci and Breuci."</ref> With their [[Romanization_(cultural)|Romanization]], they ceased to exist as an independent ethno-political unit.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1992|p=145}} "Autariatae had vanished long before the Roman conquest, and the Triballi, Scordisci and Moesi all declined to insignificant remnants, the Dardani endured."</ref>