Editing Scorpion (section)

===Taxonomy===

{{main|Taxonomy of scorpions}}

[[Carl Linnaeus]] described six species of scorpion in his genus ''Scorpio'' in 1758 and 1767; three of these are now considered [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]] and are called ''[[Scorpio maurus]]'', ''[[Androctonus australis]]'', and ''[[Euscorpius carpathicus]]''; the other three are dubious names. He placed the scorpions among his "Insecta aptera" (wingless insects), a group that included [[Crustacean|Crustacea]], Arachnida and [[Myriapoda]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fet |first1=V. |last2=Braunwalder |first2=M. E. |last3=Cameron |first3=H. D. |title=Scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpiones) Described by Linnaeus |journal=Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society |date=2002 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=176–182 |url=http://britishspiders.org.uk/bulletin/120405.pdf |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926182646/http://britishspiders.org.uk/bulletin/120405.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1801, [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] divided up the "Insecta aptera", creating the [[taxon]] Arachnides for spiders, scorpions, and [[Mite|acari (mites and ticks)]], though it also contained the [[Thysanura]], Myriapoda and parasites such as [[lice]].<ref name="Burmeister 1836">{{cite book |last1=Burmeister |first1=Carl Hermann C. |last2=Shuckard |first2=W. E. (trans) |title=A Manual of Entomology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9sDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA613 |year=1836 |pages=613ff |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531031222/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9sDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA613 |url-status=live }}</ref> German [[arachnologist]] [[Carl Ludwig Koch]] created the order Scorpiones in 1837. He divided it into four families, the six-eyed scorpions "Scorpionides", the eight-eyed scorpions "Buthides", the ten-eyed scorpions "Centrurides", and the twelve-eyed scorpions "Androctonides".<ref>{{cite book |last=Koch |first=Carl Ludwig |title=Übersicht des Arachnidensystems |date=1837 |publisher=C. H. Zeh |pages=86–92 |url=https://archive.org/details/bersichtdesara1518371850koch/page/n91/mode/2up?q=Scorpiones |language=de}}</ref>

More recently, some twenty-two families containing over 2,500 species of scorpions have been [[Species description|described]], with many additions and much reorganization of taxa in the 21st century.<ref name="Rein 2020"/><ref name="Howard Edgecombe 2019"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kovarex.com/scorpio/pdf/scorpions-Kovarik-2009.pdf |first=František |last=Kovařík |year=2009 |title=Illustrated Catalog of Scorpions, Part I |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026163042/http://kovarex.com/scorpio/pdf/scorpions-Kovarik-2009.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> There are over 100 described taxa of fossil scorpions.<ref name=Siri/> This classification is based on Soleglad and Fet (2003),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soleglad |first1=Michael E. |last2=Fet |first2=Victor |year=2003 |title=High-level Systematics and Phylogeny of the Extant Scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni) |journal=[[Euscorpius (journal)|Euscorpius]] |volume=11 |pages=1–175 |url=http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/pubs.htm |format=multiple parts |access-date=13 June 2008 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208071547/http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/pubs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> which replaced Stockwell's older, unpublished classification.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Stockwell |first=Scott A. |title=Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata) |year=1989 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]|type=PhD thesis}}</ref> Further taxonomic changes are from papers by Soleglad et al. (2005).<ref name=Soleglad2005>{{cite journal |last1=Soleglad |first1=Michael E. |last2=Fet |first2=Victor |last3=Kovařík |first3=F. |year=2005 |title=The Systematic Position of the Scorpion Genera ''Heteroscorpion'' Birula, 1903 and ''Urodacus'' Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionoidea) |journal=[[Euscorpius (journal)|Euscorpius]] |volume=20 |pages=1–38 |url=http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/p2005_20.pdf |access-date=13 June 2008 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216234048/http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/p2005_20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fet |first1=Victor |last2=Soleglad |first2=Michael E. |year=2005 |title=Contributions to Scorpion Systematics. I. On Recent Changes in High-level Taxonomy |journal=[[Euscorpius (journal)|Euscorpius]] |issue=31 |pages=1–13 |url=http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/p2005_31.pdf |issn=1536-9307 |access-date=7 April 2010 |archive-date=26 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426135453/http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/p2005_31.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The extant taxa to the [[taxonomic rank|rank]] of [[family (biology)|family]] (numbers of species in parentheses<ref name="Rein 2020">{{cite web |title=The Scorpion Files |url=https://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/index.php |publisher=Jan Ove Rein |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003094246/https://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref>) are:

; Order Scorpiones

[[File:StripedBarkScorpion.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Striped Bark Scorpion|Centruroides vittatus]]'', the striped bark scorpion, a member of [[Buthidae]], the largest family of scorpions]]

[[File:Asian forest scorpion in Khao Yai National Park.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.6|''[[Heterometrus laoticus]]'', the Vietnam forest scorpion, a member of the family [[Scorpionidae]]]]

{{div col begin|colwidth=40em}}
<!--* Infraorder [[Orthosterni]] <small>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1911</small>-->
* Parvorder [[Pseudochactida]] <small>[[Michael E. Soleglad|Soleglad]] & [[Victor Fet|Fet]], 2003</small>
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** Superfamily [[Pseudochactoidea]] <small>[[Alexander V. Gromov|Gromov]], 1998</small>
*** Family [[Pseudochactidae]] <small>[[Alexander V. Gromov|Gromov]], 1998</small> (1 sp.) (Central Asian scorpions of semi-[[savanna]] habitats)
<!----------------------------------------------->
* Parvorder [[Buthida]] <small>[[Michael E. Soleglad|Soleglad]] & [[Victor Fet|Fet]], 2003</small>
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** Superfamily [[Buthoidea]] <small>[[C. L. Koch]], 1837</small>
*** Family [[Buthidae]] <small>[[C. L. Koch]], 1837</small> (1209 spp.) (thick-tailed scorpions, including the most dangerous species)
*** Family [[Microcharmidae]] <small>[[Wilson R. Lourenço|Lourenço]], 1996, 2019</small> (17 spp.) (African scorpions of humid forest leaf litter)
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* Parvorder [[Chaerilida]] <small>[[Michael E. Soleglad|Soleglad]] & [[Victor Fet|Fet]], 2003</small>
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** Superfamily [[Chaeriloidea]] <small>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1893</small>
*** Family [[Chaerilidae]] <small>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1893</small> (51 spp.) (South and Southeast Asian scorpions of non-arid places)

<!----------------------------------------------->
* Parvorder [[Iurida]] <small>[[Michael E. Soleglad|Soleglad]] & [[Victor Fet|Fet]], 2003</small>
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** Superfamily [[Chactoidea]] <small>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1893</small>
*** Family [[Akravidae]] <small>Levy, 2007</small> (1 sp.) (cave-dwelling scorpions of Israel)
*** Family [[Belisariidae]] <small>[[Wilson R. Lourenço|Lourenço]], 1998</small> (3 spp.) (cave-related scorpions of Southern Europe)
*** Family [[Chactidae]] <small>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1893</small> (209 spp.) (New World scorpions, membership under revision)
*** Family [[Euscorpiidae]] <small>[[Malcolm Laurie|Laurie]], 1896</small> (170 spp.) (harmless scorpions of the Americas, Eurasia, and North Africa)
*** Family [[Superstitioniidae]] <small>[[Herbert Stahnke|Stahnke]], 1940</small> (1 sp.) (cave scorpions of Mexico and Southwestern United States)
*** Family [[Troglotayosicidae]] <small>[[Wilson R. Lourenço|Lourenço]], 1998</small> (4 spp.) (cave-related scorpions of South America)
*** Family [[Typhlochactidae]] <small>Mitchell, 1971</small> (11 spp.) (cave-related scorpions of Eastern Mexico)
*** Family [[Vaejovidae]] <small>[[Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell|Thorell]], 1876</small> (222 spp.) (New World scorpions)
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** Superfamily [[Iuroidea]] <small>[[Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell|Thorell]], 1876</small>
*** Family [[Caraboctonidae]] <small>[[Karl Kraepelin|Kraepelin]], 1905</small> (23 spp.) (hairy scorpions)
*** Family [[Hadruridae]] <small>[[Herbert Stahnke|Stahnke]], 1974</small> (9 spp.) (large North American scorpions)
*** Family [[Iuridae]] <small>[[Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell|Thorell]], 1876</small> (21 spp.) (scorpions with a large tooth on inner side of moveable claw)
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** Superfamily [[Scorpionoidea]] <small>[[Latreille]], 1802</small>
*** Family [[Bothriuridae]] <small>[[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1880</small> (158 spp.) (Southern hemisphere tropical and temperate scorpions)
*** Family [[Hemiscorpiidae]] <small>[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1893</small> (16 spp.) (rock, creeping, or tree scorpions of the Middle East)
*** Family [[Hormuridae]] <small>[[Malcolm Laurie|Laurie]], 1896</small> (92 spp.) (flattened, crevice-living scorpions of Southeast Asia and Australia)
*** Family [[Rugodentidae]] <small>Bastawade et al., 2005</small> (1 sp.) (burrowing scorpions of India)
*** Family [[Scorpionidae]] <small>[[Latreille]], 1802</small> (183 spp.) (burrowing or pale-legged scorpions)
*** Family [[Diplocentridae]] <small>[[Ferdinand Karsch|Karsch]], 1880</small> (134 spp.) (closely related to and sometimes placed in Scorpionidae, but have spine on telson)
*** Family [[Heteroscorpionidae]] <small>[[Karl Kraepelin|Kraepelin]], 1905</small> (6 spp.) (scorpions of Madagascar)

{{div col end}}