Editing Semantic Web (section)

=== Semantic Web solutions ===
The Semantic Web takes the solution further. It involves publishing in languages specifically designed for data: [[Resource Description Framework]] (RDF), [[Web Ontology Language]] (OWL), and Extensible Markup Language ([[XML]]). HTML describes documents and the links between them. RDF, OWL, and XML, by contrast, can describe arbitrary things such as people, meetings, or airplane parts.

These technologies are combined in order to provide descriptions that supplement or replace the content of Web documents. Thus, content may manifest itself as descriptive data stored in Web-accessible [[database]]s,<ref>Artem Chebotko and Shiyong Lu, "Querying the Semantic Web: An Efficient Approach Using Relational Databases", [[LAP Lambert Academic Publishing]], {{ISBN|978-3-8383-0264-5}}, 2009.</ref> or as markup within documents (particularly, in Extensible HTML ([[XHTML]]) interspersed with XML, or, more often, purely in XML, with layout or rendering cues stored separately). The machine-readable descriptions enable content managers to add meaning to the content, i.e., to describe the structure of the knowledge we have about that content. In this way, a machine can process knowledge itself, instead of text, using processes similar to human [[deductive reasoning]] and [[inference]], thereby obtaining more meaningful results and helping computers to perform automated information gathering and research.

An example of a tag that would be used in a non-semantic web page:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<item>blog</item>
</syntaxhighlight>

Encoding similar information in a semantic web page might look like this:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<item rdf:about="https://example.org/semantic-web/">Semantic Web</item>
</syntaxhighlight>

Tim Berners-Lee calls the resulting network of [[Linked Data]] the [[Giant Global Graph]], in contrast to the HTML-based World Wide Web. Berners-Lee posits that if the past was document sharing, the future is [[data sharing]]. His answer to the question of "how" provides three points of instruction. One, a URL should point to the data. Two, anyone accessing the URL should get data back. Three, relationships in the data should point to additional URLs with data.

==== Tags and identifiers ====
[[Tag (metadata)|Tag]]s, including hierarchical categories and tags that are collaboratively added and maintained (e.g. with [[folksonomy|folksonomies]]) can be considered part of, of potential use to or a step towards the semantic Web vision.<ref>{{cite web |title=Towards the Semantic Web: Collaborative Tag Suggestions |url=https://www.ambuehler.ethz.ch/CDstore/www2006/www.rawsugar.com/www2006/13.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Specia |first1=Lucia |last2=Motta |first2=Enrico |title=The Semantic Web: Research and Applications |chapter=Integrating Folksonomies with the Semantic Web |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2007 |volume=4519 |pages=624–639 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-72667-8_44 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-72666-1 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bridging the gap between folksonomies and the semantic web: an experience report |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/23608/4/semnet2007.pdf}}</ref>

Unique [[identifier]]s, including hierarchical categories and collaboratively added ones, analysis tools and [[metadata]], including tags, can be used to create forms of semantic webs – webs that are to a certain degree semantic<!-- (often also available on the Web)-->.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholson |first1=Josh M. |last2=Mordaunt |first2=Milo |last3=Lopez |first3=Patrice |last4=Uppala |first4=Ashish |last5=Rosati |first5=Domenic |last6=Rodrigues |first6=Neves P. |last7=Grabitz |first7=Peter |last8=Rife |first8=Sean C. |title=scite: A smart citation index that displays the context of citations and classifies their intent using deep learning |journal=Quantitative Science Studies |date=5 November 2021 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=882–898 |doi=10.1162/qss_a_00146|doi-access=free }}</ref>  In particular, such has been used for structuring scientific research i.a. by research topics and [[branches of science|scientific fields]] by the projects [[OpenAlex]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh Chawla |first1=Dalmeet |title=Massive open index of scholarly papers launches |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00138-y |access-date=14 February 2022 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=24 January 2022 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00138-y}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=OpenAlex: The Promising Alternative to Microsoft Academic Graph |url=https://library.smu.edu.sg/topics-insights/openalex-promising-alternative-microsoft-academic-graph |access-date=14 February 2022 |work=Singapore Management University (SMU) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OpenAlex Documentation |url=https://docs.openalex.org/ |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref> [[Wikidata]] and [[Scholia]] which are under development and provide [[API]]s, Web-pages, feeds and graphs for various [[Semantic query|semantic queries]].