Editing Shape note (section)

==Shape notes and modulation==
Many forms of music in the [[common practice period]] employ [[modulation (music)|modulation]], that is, a change of key in mid-piece. Since the 19th century, most choral music has employed modulation, and since the key change is easy for instruments but difficult for singers, the new tonality is usually established by instrumental accompaniment; accordingly, the choir will also sing in the [[Equal temperament|temperament]] of the instrument rather than the [[just intonation]] of the human voice. Modulation is sometimes said to be problematic for shape-note systems, since the shapes employed for the original key of the piece no longer match the scale degrees of the new key;{{Sfn| Horn | 1970 | pp = 7–8}} but the ability to use of sharp and flat symbols along with shape notes is a matter of the range of [[Sort (typesetting)|sorts]] available to the typographer and musical preferences. The development of musical preferences is partly documented by surviving copies of B.F. White's ''Organ'' from the 1850s.<ref>The role of the ''Organ'' in setting musical tastes of the ''Sacred Harp'' community is discussed in the third chapter of {{cite book |last=Bealle |first=John |year=1997 |title=Public Worship, Private Faith: Sacred Harp and American Folksong |url=https://ugapress.org/book/9780820319889/public-worship-private-faith/ |location=Athens, Georgia |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=9-780-8203-1988-9}}. See in particular pp. 141-142 for a discussion about the use of a sharped seventh in the minor scale between [[Isaac B. Woodbury]] (1819-1858) and Isaac Holcombe (for) vs. the anonymous "Georgia Boy" (against).</ref>

[[Justin Morgan]]'s "Judgment Anthem", which first appeared in shapes in Little and Smith's ''The Easy Instructor'' (1801), appears to shift keys (and key signatures) from E minor to E♭ major, then back to E minor before concluding in E♭ major. Morgan, however, may be supposed to have intended simply a shift from major to minor while maintaining the same tonic pitch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shenandoahharmony.com/2013/morgans-judgment-anthem-newly-typeset/ |title=Morgan's Judgment Anthem, Newly Typeset |last=Hall |first=Rachel |date=23 August 2013 |website=Shenandoah Harmony website |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924034041/https://www.shenandoahharmony.com/2013/morgans-judgment-anthem-newly-typeset/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was reprinted in many of the early shape note tunebooks, but not in the [[Sacred Harp]] (1844), in which [[Jeremiah Ingalls]]'s "Christian Song" is the only song that modulates (in this case, from D minor to D major).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sacredharpbremen.org/240-christian-song/ |title=240 Christian Song|last=Ingalls |first=Jeremiah |website=Sacred Harp Bremen website |access-date=30 January 2020 }}</ref>