Editing Shibboleth (section)

==Examples==
[[File:Under the Guard of the Ikon - The Reign of Terror on the Roumanian Frontier.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Villagers of [[Ungheni]], [[Bessarabia Governorate]], displaying Christian [[icon]]s on their homes in order to distinguish themselves from [[Jews]] and defend themselves from a [[pogrom]] in 1905, as depicted by Hermanus Willem Koekkoek (1867–1929)]]
{{Main|List of shibboleths}}
Shibboleths have been used by different subcultures throughout the world at different times. Regional differences, level of expertise, and computer coding techniques are several forms that shibboleths have taken.

There is a legend that before the [[Battle of the Golden Spurs]] in May 1302, the [[Flanders|Flemish]] slaughtered every Frenchman they could find in the city of [[Bruges]], an act known as the [[Matins of Bruges]].<ref name="Devries">{{Cite book |last=DeVries |first=Kelly |url=https://archive.org/details/infantrywarfarei0000devr/mode/2up?q=matins |title=Infantry warfare in the early fourteenth century: discipline, tactics, and technology |publisher=[[Boydell Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-585-20214-3 |location=Woodbridge |page=9 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> They identified Frenchmen based on their inability to pronounce the Flemish phrase {{lang|nl|schild en vriend}}, 'shield and friend', or possibly {{lang|nl|gilden vriend}}, 'friend of the Guilds'. However, many Medieval Flemish dialects did not contain the cluster ''sch-'' either (even today's [[Kortrijk]] dialect has ''sk-''), and Medieval French rolled the r just as Flemish did.{{efn|name=liberman}}

There is an anecdote in [[Sicily]] that, during the rebellion of the [[Sicilian Vespers]] in 1282, the inhabitants of the island killed the [[Capetian House of Anjou|French occupiers]] who, when questioned, could not correctly pronounce the Sicilian word {{lang|scn|cìciri}} 'chickpeas'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schirò |first=Samuele |title=Quando un pugno di ceci fece la storia della Sicilia |url=https://www.palermoviva.it/per-un-pugno-di-ceci/ |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.palermoviva.it |language=it-IT}}</ref>

Following [[Mayor Albert's Rebellion]] in 1312 [[Kraków]], Poles used the [[Polish language]] shibboleth ''Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn'' ('Lentil, wheel, grinds (verb), mill') to distinguish the German-speaking burghers. Those who could not properly pronounce this phrase were executed.<ref>{{cite book |author=Knoll |first=Paul |url= |title=The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=9781315239781 |editor=Berend |editor-first=Nora |edition=1st |page=445 |chapter=19: Economic and Political Institutions on the Polish-German Frontier in the Middle Ages: Action, reaction, interaction |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/reader/read-online/78f6b0db-c1a4-4e32-baab-649741726539/chapter/pdf?context=ubx}}</ref>

[[File:Nl-Schibbolet-fries.oga|thumb|left|{{lang|fy|Bûter, brea, en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries}}]]
{{lang|fy|Bûter, brea, en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries}} ('Butter, rye bread and green cheese, whoever cannot say that is not a genuine Frisian') was a phrase used by the [[Frisians|Frisian]] [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] during a [[Arumer Zwarte Hoop|Frisian rebellion]] (1515–1523). Ships whose crew could not pronounce this properly were usually plundered and soldiers who could not were beheaded by Donia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greate Pier fan Wûnseradiel |url=http://www.wunseradiel.nl/index.php?simaction=content&pagid=289&mediumid=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207005139/http://www.wunseradiel.nl/index.php?simaction=content&pagid=289&mediumid=1 |archive-date=2008-12-07 |access-date=2008-01-04 |website=Gemeente Wûnseradiel |publisher= |language=fy}}</ref>

Newspaper advertisements in 18th-century America seeking absconding servants or apprentices frequently used the shibboleth method to identify them.  Since most runaways were from the British Isles originally, they were identified by their distinctive regional accents, e.g. "speaks broad Yorkshire".  Studying a large number of these advertisements, [[Allen Walker Read]] noticed an exception: runaways were never advertised as having London or eastern counties accents.  From this he inferred that their speech did not differ from the bulk of the American population.  "Thus in the colonial period American English had a consistency of its own, most closely approximating the type of the region around London".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Read|first=Allen Walker|year=1938|title=The Assimilation of the Speech of British Immigrants in Colonial America|journal=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology|volume=37|issue=1|pages=70–79|jstor=27704353}}</ref>

[[File:Kanto-Daishinsai-to-Saitama-2.jpg|thumb|Koreans being stabbed by vigilantes during the Kantō Massacre (1923)]]
In Japan during the 1923 [[Kantō Massacre]], in which ethnic [[Koreans in Japan]] were hunted down and killed by vigilantes after rumors spread that they were committing crimes,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ryang |first=Sonia |date=3 September 2007 |title=The Tongue That Divided Life and Death. The 1923 Tokyo Earthquake and the Massacre of Koreans. |url=https://apjjf.org/sonia-ryang/2513/article |journal=[[The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus]] |volume=5 |issue=9 |id=2513}}</ref> shibboleths were attested to having been used to identify Koreans. The Japanese poet [[Shigeji Tsuboi]] wrote that he overheard vigilantes asking people to pronounce the phrase ''jūgoen gojissen'' ({{Langx|ja|15円50銭|lit=fifteen [[Japanese yen|yen]], fifty sen}}).<ref name=":1" /> If the person pronounced it as ''chūkoen kochissen'', he was reportedly dragged away for punishment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Haag |first=Andre |date=2019 |title=The Passing Perils of Korean Hunting: Zainichi Literature Remembers the Kantō Earthquake Korean Massacres |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/5/article/724761/pdf |journal=Azalea: Journal of Korean Literature & Culture |publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]] |volume=12 |issue= |pages=259–260 |doi=10.1353/aza.2019.0014 |issn=1944-6500 |via=Project MUSE|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=McNamara |first1=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrOE14OdUwEC&pg=PA152 |title=Language Testing: The Social Dimension |last2=Roever |first2=Carsten |date=2006-11-10 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-4051-5543-4 |language=en}}</ref> Both Korean and Japanese people recalled similar shibboleths being used, including ''ichien gojissen'' ({{Lit|one yen, fifty sen}}).<ref name=":0" /> Other strings attested to were ''ga-gi-gu-ge-go'' ({{Langx|ja|がぎぐげご}}) and ''ka-ki-ku-ke-ko'' ({{Langx|ja|かきくけこ}}), which were thought difficult for Koreans to pronounce.<ref name=":1" />

In October 1937, the Spanish word for parsley, {{lang|es|perejil}}, was used as a shibboleth to identify Haitian immigrants living along the border in the Dominican Republic. The Dominican dictator, [[Rafael Trujillo]], ordered the execution of these people. It is alleged that between 20,000 and 30,000 individuals were murdered within a few days in the [[Parsley Massacre]], although more recent scholarship and the lack of evidence such as mass graves puts the actual estimate closer to between 1,000 and 12,168.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vega|first=Bernardo|title=La matanza de 1937|url=http://www.lalupa.com.do/2012/10/la-matanza-de-1937/|work=La lupa sin trabas|access-date=7 January 2014|language=es|date=10 October 2012|quote=Durante los meses de octubre y diciembre de 1937, fuentes haitianas, norteamericanas e inglesas ubicadas en Haití dieron cifras que oscilaron entre 1,000 y 12,168|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001432/http://www.lalupa.com.do/2012/10/la-matanza-de-1937/|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

During the [[Netherlands in World War II#German occupation|German occupation of the Netherlands]] in [[World War II]], the Dutch used the name of the seaside town of [[Scheveningen]] as a shibboleth to tell Germans from Dutch ("Sch" in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] is analyzed as the letter "[[s]]" combined with the [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] "ch", producing the [[consonant cluster]] {{IPA|[sx]}}, while in [[German language|German]] "Sch" is read as the [[Trigraph (orthography)|trigraph]] "[[sch (trigraph)|sch]]", pronounced {{IPAblink|ʃ}}, closer to "sh" sound in English).<ref>[http://column.emea.nl/?p=3163 "Zonder ons erbij te betrekken"] Retrieved on 23 december 2011</ref><ref>Corstius, H. B. (1981) [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bran023oppe01_01/bran023oppe01_01_0011.php ''Opperlandse taal- & letterkunde''], Querido's Uitgeverij, Amsterdam. Retrieved on 23 december 2011</ref><ref name=McNamara >{{cite journal |last=McNamara |first=Tim |title=21st century shibboleth: language tests, identity and intergroup conflict |journal=Language Policy |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=351–370 |year=2005 |doi=10.1007/s10993-005-2886-0 |s2cid=145528271 }}</ref>

Some American soldiers in the Pacific theater in World War II used the word ''[[wikt:lollapalooza|lollapalooza]]'' as a shibboleth to [[Countersign (military)|challenge]] unidentified persons, on the premise that Japanese people [[Perception of /r/ and /l/ by the Japanese|would often pronounce both letters L and R]] as rolled Rs.<ref>US Army & Navy, 1942. [http://www.ep.tc/howtospotajap/howto06.html HOW TO SPOT A JAP Educational Comic Strip], (from US govt's POCKET GUIDE TO CHINA, 1st edition). Retrieved 10-10-2007</ref> In Oliver Gramling's ''Free Men Are Fighting: The Story of World War II'' (1942) the author notes that, in the war, Japanese spies would often approach checkpoints posing as American or [[Filipino people|Filipino]] military personnel. A shibboleth such as ''lollapalooza'' would be used by the sentry, who, if the first two syllables come back as ''rorra,'' would "open fire without waiting to hear the remainder".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gramling|first1=Oliver|title=Free Men Are Fighting: The Story of World War II|date=1942|publisher=Farrar and Rinehart, Inc|page=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljfPAAAAMAAJ&q=lollapalooza}}</ref> Another sign/countersign used by the Allied forces: the challenge/sign was "flash", the [[password]] "thunder", and the countersign "Welcome".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Jon E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSKJVDBWlSkC&pg=PA40 |title=D-Day as They Saw it |date=2004 |publisher=Carroll & Graf |isbn=978-0-7867-1381-3 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref>  This was used during [[D-Day]] during [[World War II]] due to the rarity of the [[voiceless dental fricative]] (th-sound) and [[voiced labial–velar approximant]] (w-sound) in German.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

During [[The Troubles]] in Northern Ireland, use of the name [[Derry/Londonderry name dispute|Derry or Londonderry]] for the province's second-largest city was often taken as an indication of the speaker's political stance, and as such frequently implied more than simply naming the location.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4887352.stm |title=Court to rule on city name |work=BBC News |date=7 April 2006 |access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> The pronunciation of the name of the letter [[H]] is a related shibboleth, with Catholics pronouncing it as "haitch" and Protestants often [[H#Name in English|pronouncing the letter differently]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPo0oB19gDUC|title=A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English|first=T. P.|last=Dolan|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Gill & Macmillan Ltd|isbn=9780717135356}}</ref>

During the [[Black July]] riots of Sri Lanka in 1983, many Tamils were massacred by Sinhalese youths. In many cases these massacres took the form of boarding buses and getting the passengers to pronounce words that had {{IPAblink|b}} at the beginning (like {{transliteration|ta|baldiya}} 'bucket') and executing the people who found it difficult.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hyndman|first1=Patricia|title=-Democracy in Peril, June 1983 |url=http://blackjuly.info/quotestext.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006140749/http://www.blackjuly.info/quotestext.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2007|publisher=Lawasia Human Rights Standing Committee Report -Democracy in Peril, June 1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Passport to life|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/10/05/art12.asp|website=Daily News|publisher=Daily News (Sri Lanka's state broadsheet)|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

In Australia and New Zealand, the words "fish and chips" are often used to highlight the difference in each country's short-i vowel sound [ɪ] and asking someone to say the phrase can identify which country they are from. Australian English has a higher forward sound [i], close to the y in happy and city, while New Zealand English has a lower backward sound [ɘ], a slightly higher version of the a in about and comma. Thus, New Zealanders hear Australians say "feesh and cheeps", while Australians hear New Zealanders say "fush and chups".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cartoon/40131/fush-chups|access-date=18 January 2019|title=Speech and accent|date=5 September 2013|encyclopedia=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref> A long drawn out pronunciation of the names of the cities [[Brisbane]] and [[Melbourne]] rather than the typically Australian rapid "bun" ending is a common way for someone to be exposed as new to the country. Within Australia, what someone calls "[[Devon (sausage)|devon]]", or how he names the size of beer he orders can often pinpoint what state he is from, as both of these have varied names across the country.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In Canada, the name of Canada's second largest city, [[Montreal]], is pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ʌ|n|t|r|i|ˈ|ɔː|l}} by English-speaking locals. This contrasts with the typical American pronunciation of the city as {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɒ|n|t|r|i|ˈ|ɔː|l}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chaar |first1=Mike |title=Here's Why Americans Pronounce Montreal THAT Way |url=https://www.mtlblog.com/montreal/americans-some-canadians-are-pronouncing-montreal-really-weirdly-heres-why |website=[[MTL Blog]] |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301162634/https://www.mtlblog.com/montreal/americans-some-canadians-are-pronouncing-montreal-really-weirdly-heres-why |archive-date=Mar 1, 2023 |language=en-ca |date=Jan 25, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the United States, the name of the state [[Nevada]] comes from the Spanish {{lang|es|nevada}} {{IPA|es|neˈβaða|}}, meaning 'snow-covered'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=nevada|title=Nevada|access-date=February 24, 2007|publisher=Wordreference.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225103913/http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=nevada|archive-date=December 25, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevadans pronounce the second syllable with the "a" as in "trap" ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|v|æ|d|ə}}) while some people from outside of the state can pronounce it with the "a" as in "palm" ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|v|ɑː|d|ə}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unlv.edu/news/article/you-say-nevada-i-say-nevada |title=You Say Nevada, I Say Nevada… |author=Francis McCabe |access-date=November 26, 2019 |date=October 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801193302/https://www.unlv.edu/news/article/you-say-nevada-i-say-nevada |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although many Americans interpret the latter back vowel as being closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation used by Nevadans. Likewise, the same test can be used to identify someone unfamiliar with southwest [[Missouri]], as the city of [[Nevada, Missouri]] is pronounced with the "a" as in "cape" ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|v|eɪ|d|ə}}).

During the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] (2014–present), Ukrainians have used the word {{transliteration|uk|[[palianytsia]]}} (a type of Ukrainian bread) to distinguish between Ukrainians and Russians.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-02/state-of-ukraine-cities-kyiv-kherson-mariupol-chernihiv-mykolaiv/100946086 |title=Snapshots from Ukrainian cities under siege or facing threat of Russian bombardment |last1=Handley |first1=Erin |last2=Adams |first2=Mietta |website=ABC News |date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref>