Editing Shogun (section)

===Heian period (794–1185)===
{{Further|Heian period}}

====Sakanoue no Tamuramaro====
{{Further|Sakanoue no Tamuramaro}}
[[File:Sakanoue Tamuramaro.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sakanoue no Tamuramaro]] (758–811) was one of the first shoguns of the early [[Heian period]].]]
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811)<ref name="Bary266"/> was a Japanese general who fought against the [[Emishi]] tribes of northern Japan (settled in the territory that today integrates the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa). Tamarumaro was the first general to bend these tribes, integrating their territory to that of the [[Yamato Kingship|Yamato State]]. For his military feats he was named sei-i taishōgun and probably because he was the first to win the victory against the northern tribes he is generally recognized as the first shogun in history.<ref name="Bary266" /><ref>Andressen & Osborne, 2002:48.</ref><ref>Ramirez-faria, 283.</ref> (Note: according to historical sources [[Ōtomo no Otomaro]] also had the title of sei-i taishōgun).

====The regency political system and cloistered rule====
{{Further|Sesshō and Kampaku|Fujiwara clan}}
The shoguns of this period had no real political power, and the imperial court was in charge of politics. From the mid-9th century to the mid-11th century, the [[Fujiwara clan]] controlled political power. They excluded other clans from the political center and monopolized the highest positions in the court, such as {{nihongo3|Imperial Regent for Minor Emperors|摂政|[[Sesshō and Kampaku|sesshō]]}}, {{nihongo3|Imperial Regent fo Adult Emperors|関白|[[Sesshō and Kampaku|kampaku]]}}, and {{nihongo3|Chancellor of the Realm|太政大臣|[[daijō-daijin]]}}, reaching their peak at the end of the 10th century under [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] and [[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]].<ref name="tomonokai">{{cite web|url=https://www.juku.st/info/entry/1349|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511095734/https://www.juku.st/info/entry/1349|script-title=ja:【藤原道長はなぜ躍進？】摂関政治をわかりやすく説明する方法|language=ja|publisher=Tomonokai|date=19 July 2015|archive-date=11 May 2022|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="yh040124">{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/d404674899919ce02e297e8f3a5117f8807b3341|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312002713/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/d404674899919ce02e297e8f3a5117f8807b3341|script-title=ja:摂関政治で最盛期を築き上げた藤原氏とは、いかなる由緒を持つ氏族なのか|language=ja|publisher=Yahoo News|date=4 January 2024|archive-date=12 March 2024|access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="kotobasekk">{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%91%82%E9%96%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB-87197|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129224719/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%91%82%E9%96%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB-87197|script-title=ja:摂関政治|language=ja|publisher=Kotobank|date=|archive-date=29 November 2023|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

Later, in the mid-11th century, [[Emperor Go-Sanjo]] weakened the power of the ''sesshō'' and ''kampaku'' by presiding over politics himself, and when the next emperor, [[Emperor Shirakawa|Shirakawa]], abdicated and became a [[cloistered emperor]] and began a [[cloistered rule]], the ''sesshō'' and ''kampaku'' lost their real political authority and became nominal, effectively ending the Fujiwara regime.<ref name="tomonokai"/><ref name="yh040124"/><ref name="kotobasekk"/>

==== The first attempt to establish a warrior class government ====
{{Further|Taira no Masakado}}
[[File:Taira no Masakado 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Taira no Masakado]]'s rebellion is historically significant as the first rebellion of the warrior class and the first attempt of the warrior class to establish a government.<ref name="shogaku081122"/>]]
[[Taira no Masakado]], who rose to prominence in the early 10th century, was the first of the local warrior class to revolt against the imperial court.<ref name="shogaku081122">{{cite web|url=https://hugkum.sho.jp/410659|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313200531/https://hugkum.sho.jp/410659#i-3|script-title=ja:平将門の乱は何が原因？ 平将門の生涯や、事件の背景、その後の影響を解説|language=ja|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|date=8 November 2022|archive-date=13 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> He had served [[Fujiwara no Tadahira]] as a young man, but eventually won a power struggle within the [[Taira clan]] and became a powerful figure in the [[Kanto region]]. In 939, [[:ja:藤原玄明|Fujiwara no Haruaki]], a powerful figure in the [[Hitachi province]], fled to Masakado. He was wanted for tyranny by [[Fujiwara no Korechika]], a {{nihongo3|imperial court official|国司|[[Kokushi (official)|Kokushi]]}} who oversaw the province of Hitachi province, and Fujiwara no Korechika demanded that Masakado hand over Fujiwara no Haruaki. Masakado refused, and war broke out between Masakado and Fujiwara no Korechika, with Masakado becoming an enemy of the imperial court. Masakado proclaimed that the Kanto region under his rule was independent of the imperial court and called himself the {{nihongo3|New Emperor|新皇| Shinnō}}. In response, the imperial court sent a large army led by [[Taira no Sadamori]] to kill Masakado. As a result, Masakado was killed in battle in February 940. He is still revered as one of the three great {{nihongo3|vengeful spirits|怨霊|[[onryō]]}} of Japan.<ref name="shogaku081122"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/taira-no-masakado/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314210347/https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/taira-no-masakado/|script-title=ja:平将門|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=14 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

==== The birth of the first warrior class government ====
{{Further|Taira no kiyomori|Genpei War}}
[[File:Taira no Kiyomori Portrait by Fujiwara Tamenobu and Takenobu.png|thumb|left|[[Taira no Kiyomori]] was the first person born of the warrior class to rise to the highest rank of nobility and the first to establish a de facto samurai government.<ref name="nhkgenpei"/>]]
During the reigns of [[Emperor Shirakawa]] and [[Emperor Toba]], the [[Taira clan]] became {{nihongo3||国司|[[Kokushi (official)|Kokushi]]}}, or overseers of various regions, and accumulated wealth by taking samurai from various regions as their retainers. In the struggle to succeed Emperor Toba, former [[Emperor Sutoku]] and [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]], each with his samurai class on his side, fought the [[Hōgen rebellion]], which was won by Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who had [[Taira no Kiyomori]] and [[Minamoto no Yoshitomo]] on his side. Later, Taira no Kiyomori defeated Minamoto no Yoshitomo in the [[Heiji rebellion]] and became the first samurai-born aristocratic class, eventually becoming {{nihongo3|Chancellor of the Realm|太政大臣|daijō-daijin}}, the highest position of the aristocratic class, and the Taira clan monopolized important positions at the imperial court and wielded power. The seizure of political power by Taira no Kiyomori was the first instance of the warrior class leading politics for the next 700 years.<ref name="nhkgenpei">{{cite web|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/kokokoza/nihonshi/assets/memo/memo_0000000570.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314105156/https://www.nhk.or.jp/kokokoza/nihonshi/assets/memo/memo_0000000570.pdf|script-title=ja:平氏政権の登場|language=ja|publisher=[[NHK]]|date=|archive-date=14 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

However, when Taira no Kiyomori used his power to have the child of his daughter [[Taira no Tokuko]] and [[Emperor Takakura]] installed as [[Emperor Antoku]], there was widespread opposition.
[[Prince Mochihito]], no longer able to assume the imperial throne, called upon the [[Minamoto clan]] to raise an army to defeat the Taira clan, and the [[Genpei War]] began. In the midst of the Genpei War, [[Minamoto no Yoshinaka]] expelled the Taira clan from Kyoto, and although initially welcomed by the hermit Emperor Go-Shirakawa, he became estranged and isolated due to the disorderly military discipline and lack of political power under his command. He staged a coup, overthrew the emperor's entourage, and became the first of the Minamoto clan to assume the office of {{nihongo3|shogun||Sei-i Taishōgun}}. In response, [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] sent [[Minamoto no Noriyori]] and [[Minamoto no Yoshitsune]] to defeat Yoshinaka, who was killed within a year of becoming shogun. In 1185, the Taira clan was finally defeated in the [[Battle of Dan-no-ura]], and the Minamoto clan came to power.<ref name="nhkgenpei"/><ref name="sarai030422">{{cite web|url=https://serai.jp/hobby/history/1055058|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201070617/https://serai.jp/hobby/history/1055058|script-title=ja:頼朝のライバル木曽義仲がた辿った生涯と人物像に迫る 源平合戦で活躍したその武略とは？|language=ja|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|date=3 April 2022|archive-date=1 December 2023|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>