Editing Short squeeze (section)

==Examples==
In May 1901, [[James J. Hill]] and [[J. P. Morgan]] battled with [[E. H. Harriman]] over control of the [[Northern Pacific Railway]]. By the end of business on May 7, 1901, the two parties controlled over 94% of outstanding Northern Pacific shares. The resulting runup in share price was accompanied by frenetic short selling of Northern Pacific by third parties. On May 8, it became apparent that uncommitted NP shares were insufficient to cover the outstanding short positions, and that neither Hill and Morgan nor Harriman were willing to sell. This triggered a sell-off in the rest of the market as NP "shorts" liquidated holdings in an effort to raise cash to buy NP shares to meet their obligations. The ensuing stock market crash, known as the [[Panic of 1901]], was partially ameliorated by a truce between Hill/Morgan and Harriman.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Low|first=Peter |date=2010 |title=The Northern Pacific Panic of 1901 |url=https://www.moaf.org/publications-collections/financial-history-magazine/96 |magazine=Financial History |publisher=Museum of American Finance}}</ref>

In October 2008, a short squeeze triggered by an attempted takeover by [[Porsche]] temporarily drove the shares of [[Volkswagen AG]] on the [[Xetra DAX]] from [[Euro|€]]210.85 to over €1000 in less than two days, briefly making it the most valuable company in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gow |first=David |date=29 October 2009 |title=Porsche makes more VW stock available to desperate short-sellers |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/oct/29/vw-volkswagen-short-selling |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104091735/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/oct/29/vw-volkswagen-short-selling |archive-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krstić |first=Ivan |date=7 January 2009 |title=How Porsche hacked the financial system and made a killing |url=http://radian.org/notebook/porsche |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815093759/http://radian.org/notebook/porsche |archive-date=2010-08-15 |access-date=2010-11-25}}</ref> Then-Porsche CEO [[Wendelin Wiedeking]] was charged with [[market manipulation]] but was acquitted by a [[Stuttgart]] court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-28 |title=Freispruch für Wiedeking rechtskräftig |url=http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/wendelin-wiedeking-freispruch-fuer-ex-porsche-chef-rechtskraeftig-a-1105143.html |access-date=2017-10-25 |website=[[Spiegel Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Böcking |first1=David |title=Freispruch für die Porsche-Zocker |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/wendelin-wiedeking-und-holger-haerter-freispruch-fuer-die-porsche-zocker-a-1083046.html |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=Spiegel |date=18 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] charged [[Philip Falcone]] with market manipulation in relation to a short squeeze on a series of high-yield bonds issued by MAAX Holdings. After hearing that a firm was shorting the bonds, Falcone purchased the entire issue of bonds. He also lent the bonds to the short-sellers, and then bought them back when the traders sold them. As a result, his total exposure exceeded the entire issue of the MAAX bonds. Falcone then stopped lending the bonds, so that short-sellers could not liquidate their positions anymore. The price of the bonds rose dramatically.<ref name="NYT 120628">{{Cite news |last=Henning |first=Peter J. |date=28 June 2012 |title=In Case Against Philip Falcone, a Warning to Others |work=New York Times |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/in-case-against-philip-falcone-a-warning-to-others/ |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="MS 210126">{{Cite news |last=Levine |first=Matt |date=26 January 2021 |title=GameStop Is Just a Game |work=Bloomberg Opinion |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-01-26/will-wallstreetbets-face-sec-scrutiny-after-gamestop-rally |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> The short-sellers could only liquidate their positions by contacting Falcone directly.<ref name="MS 210126" />

In November 2015, [[Martin Shkreli]] orchestrated a short squeeze on failed biotech KaloBios (KBIO) that caused its share price to rise by 10,000% in just five trading days. KBIO had been perceived by short sellers as a "no-brainer near-term zero".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2018 |title=How Martin Shkreli caused a 10,000% squeeze on KBIO |url=https://moxreports.com/kbio-infinity-squeeze/ |access-date=January 26, 2021 |website=Mox Reports |language=en}}</ref>

The [[GameStop short squeeze]], starting in January 2021, was a short squeeze occurring on shares of [[GameStop]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Connor |title=Short Squeeze Sends GameStop Shares to 2007 Levels. What Happens Next. |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/short-squeeze-sends-gamestop-shares-to-2007-levels-what-happens-next-51611348093 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124183939/https://www.barrons.com/articles/short-squeeze-sends-gamestop-shares-to-2007-levels-what-happens-next-51611348093 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=Barrons}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferré |first=Ines |title=GameStop shares soar 50% as massive short squeeze forges ahead |url=https://www.sports.yahoo.com/news/game-stop-shares-up-50-in-premarket-as-massive-short-squeeze-forges-ahead-133819632.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125152814/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/game-stop-shares-up-50-in-premarket-as-massive-short-squeeze-forges-ahead-133819632.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=Yahoo! Sports}}</ref> primarily triggered by the [[Reddit]] forum [[WallStreetBets]].<ref name="yun li">{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Yun |date=January 27, 2021 |title=GameStop mania explained: How the Reddit retail trading crowd ran over Wall Street pros |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/27/gamestop-mania-explained-how-the-reddit-retail-trading-crowd-ran-over-wall-street-pros.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127221220/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/27/gamestop-mania-explained-how-the-reddit-retail-trading-crowd-ran-over-wall-street-pros.html |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=January 27, 2021 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=D'Anastasio |first= Cecilia |title=A Fight Over GameStop's Soaring Stock Turns Ugly |url=https://www.wired.com/story/gamestop-stock-wall-street-bets-short-squeeze/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124173424/https://www.wired.com/story/gamestop-stock-wall-street-bets-short-squeeze/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |magazine=Wired |language=en-us}}</ref> This squeeze led to the share price reaching an all-time intraday high of US$483 on January 28, 2021 on the [[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]].<ref name="NYSE">{{Cite web |title=NYSE GAMESTOP CORPORATION GME |url=https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:GME |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119153914/https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:GME |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |access-date=January 28, 2021 |website=www.nyse.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McCabe |first1=Caitlin |last2=Ostroff|first2=Caitlin|date=May 26, 2021 |title=GameStop, AMC Entertainment Shares Soar as Meme Stock Rally Returns |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/gamestop-amc-entertainment-shares-soar-as-meme-stock-rally-returns-11622055813?reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink|website=www.wsj.com}}</ref> This squeeze caught the attention of many news networks and social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Matt|last2=Lorenz|first2=Taylor|date=2021-01-27|title='Dumb Money' Is on GameStop, and It's Beating Wall Street at Its Own Game|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/business/gamestop-wall-street-bets.html|access-date=2021-04-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In March 2022, a [[LME Nickel#2022 suspension of Nickel trading by the LME|short squeeze was initiated on nickel contracts]] on the [[London Metal Exchange]] (LME). In the months prior, industrialist [[Xiang Guangda]] took a large short position on LME nickel, but a rise in nickel prices following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] forced Guangda make significant purchases to cover his position, causing LME nickel prices to rise by around 250 percent. On paper this would've caused Guangda billions of dollars of losses, but the LME halted all trading on nickel contracts and reversed many of the trades which occurred during the squeeze, shielding Guangda from much of the loss.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hume |first1=Neil |last2=Lockett |first2=Hudson |last3=Olcott |first3=Eleanor |last4=Li |first4=Gloria |title=Xiang Guangda, the metals 'visionary' who brought the nickel market to a standstill |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2cb73138-24ae-4e10-a8fd-5558c7155461 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Financial Times |date=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=The Editorial Board |date=2022-03-22 |title=Opinion {{!}} A Chinese Nickel Market Mystery |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-chinese-nickel-market-mystery-london-metal-exchange-tsinghsan-11647982954 |access-date=2022-11-16 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Big Shot's" Nickel Short Squeeze: Who is Xiang Guangda? |url=https://www.finews.asia/people/36479-nickel-short-squeeze-who-is-xiang-guangda |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=finews.asia |date=10 March 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref>