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Simferopol
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===20th-century wars=== In the 20th century, Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region. At the end of the [[Russian Civil War]], the headquarters of General [[Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel|Pyotr Wrangel]], leader of the anti-[[Bolshevik]] [[White movement|White Army]], were located there. On 13 November 1920, the [[Red Army]] captured the city and on 18 October 1921, Simferopol became the capital of the [[Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]. [[File:TankT34.jpg|thumb|[[OT-34]], monument of World War II]] During [[World War II]], Simferopol was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944. Retreating [[NKVD]] police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the city's prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeanturks.html|title=Complete Destruction of National Groups as Groups|access-date=2008-05-13|last=Kirimal|first=Edige|work=International Committee for Crimea}}</ref> Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol, killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly [[Jews]], [[Russians]], [[Krymchaks]], and [[Romani people|Romani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simferopol.ws/|title=Simferopol|access-date=2008-05-13|work=simferopol.ws|language=ru}}</ref> On one occasion, starting 9 December 1941, the [[Einsatzkommando|Einsatzkommando 11b]], which was under the command of [[Werner Braune]], whose main unit and superior were [[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe D]] and [[Otto Ohlendorf]], respectively, command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents, mostly Jewish.<ref>Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, page 72</ref> In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol. On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city, along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea, was [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars|forcibly deported]] to Central Asia as [[collective punishment]] for the perceived collaboration of Tatars with Nazi Germany.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crimean Tatars and Russification|author=Mark A. Green| url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/crimean-tatars-and-russification| publisher=Wilson Center}}</ref>
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