Editing Slave rebellion (section)

== North America ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2022}}
Numerous slave rebellions and insurrections took place in [[North America]] during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. There is documentary evidence of more than 250 uprisings or attempted uprisings involving ten or more slaves. One of the first was at [[San Miguel de Gualdape]], the first European settlement in what would become the [[United States]]. Three of the best known in the United States during the 19th century are the revolts by [[Gabriel Prosser]] in [[Virginia]] in 1800, [[Denmark Vesey]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]] in 1822, and [[Nat Turner's Rebellion]] in [[Southampton County, Virginia]], in 1831.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[Drapetomania]] was a supposed mental illness invented by American physician [[Samuel A. Cartwright]] in 1851 that allegedly caused black slaves to run away. Today, drapetomania is considered an example of [[pseudoscience]], and part of the edifice of [[scientific racism]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Slave resistance in the [[Antebellum era|antebellum]] [[Southern United States|South]] did not gain the attention of academic historians until the 1940s, when historian [[Herbert Aptheker]] started publishing the first serious scholarly work <ref>{{cite journal| title= The Impact of the Aptheker Thesis: A Retrospective View of American Negro Slave Revolts| publisher= Science and Society | last= Shapiro | first = Herbert}}</ref> on the subject. Aptheker stressed how rebellions were rooted in the exploitative conditions of the Southern slave system. He traversed libraries and archives throughout the South, managing to uncover roughly 250 similar instances.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

The [[1811 German Coast Uprising]], which took place in rural southeast [[Louisiana]], at that time the [[Territory of Orleans]], early in 1811, involved up to 500 [[insurgent]] [[History of slavery in Louisiana|slaves]]. It was suppressed by local militias and a detachment of the [[United States Army]]. In retaliation for the deaths of two white men and the destruction of property, the authorities killed at least 40 black men in a violent confrontation (the numbers cited are inconsistent); at least 29 more were executed (combined figures from two jurisdictions, [[St. Charles Parish, Louisiana|St. Charles Parish]] and [[Orleans Parish, Louisiana|Orleans Parish]]). There was a third jurisdiction for a tribunal and what amounted to [[summary judgment]]s against the accused, [[St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana|St. John the Baptist Parish]]. Fewer than 20 men are said to have escaped; some of those were later caught and killed, on their way to freedom.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Although only involving about seventy slaves and free blacks, [[Nat Turner's slave rebellion|Turner's 1831 rebellion]] is considered to be a significant event in American history. The rebellion caused the slave-holding South to go into a panic. Fifty-five men, women, and children were killed, and enslaved blacks were freed on multiple plantations in [[Southampton County, Virginia]], as Turner and his fellow rebels attacked the white institution of plantation slavery. Turner and the other rebels were eventually stopped by state militias.<ref>{{cite book |last= Aptheker |first= Herbert |authorlink= Herbert Aptheker |title= American Negro Slave Revolts |year= 1983 |publisher= [[International Publishers]] |page=324 |isbn= 9780717806058}}</ref> The rebellion resulted in the hanging of about 56 slaves, including Nat Turner himself. Up to 200 other blacks were killed during the [[hysteria]] that followed, few of whom likely had anything to do with the uprising.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1518.html| title=Nat Turner's Rebellion| publisher=PBS| access-date=November 15, 2014| archive-date=August 7, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807220410/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1518.html| url-status=live}}</ref> White fear led to new legislation passed by Southern states prohibiting the movement, assembly, and education of slaves, and reducing the rights of [[free people of color]]. In 1831–32, the Virginia legislature considered a gradual emancipation law to prevent future rebellions. In a close vote, however, the state decided to keep slaves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Root |first=Erik S. |title=Virginia Slavery Debate of 1831–1832, The |url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/virginia-slavery-debate-of-1831-1832-the/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=[[Encyclopedia Virginia]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[abolitionist]] [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] had already fought against pro-slavery forces in [[Bleeding Kansas]] for several years when he decided [[John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry|to lead a raid]] on a Federal [[arsenal]] in [[Harpers Ferry, Virginia]]. This raid was a joint attack by freed blacks and white men who had corresponded with slaves on plantations in order to create a general uprising among slaves. Brown carried hundreds of copies of the constitution for a new republic of former slaves in the Appalachians. But they were never distributed, and the slave uprisings that were to have helped Brown did not happen. Some believe that he knew the raid was doomed but went ahead anyway, because of the support for abolition it would (and did) generate. The U.S. military, led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert E. Lee]], easily overwhelmed Brown's forces. But directly following this, slave disobedience and the number of runaways increased markedly in Virginia.<ref>Louis A. DeCaro Jr., ''John Brown – The Cost of Freedom: Selections from His Life & Letters'' (New York: International Publishers, 2007), p. 16.</ref>

The historian [[Steven Hahn]] proposes that the self-organized involvement of slaves in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]] composed a slave rebellion that dwarfed all others.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://southernspaces.org/2004/greatest-slave-rebellion-modern-history-southern-slaves-american-civil-war
 |first=Steven
 |last=Hahn
 |year=2004
 |title=The Greatest Slave Rebellion in Modern History: Southern Slaves in the American Civil War
 |work=southernspaces.org
 |access-date=August 22, 2010
 |archive-date=April 16, 2021
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416075830/https://southernspaces.org/2004/greatest-slave-rebellion-modern-history-southern-slaves-american-civil-war
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> Similarly, tens of thousands of slaves joined British forces or escaped to British lines during the [[American Revolution]], sometimes using the disruption of war to gain freedom.  For instance, when the British evacuated from Charleston and Savannah, they took 10,000 freed slaves with them. They also evacuated slaves from New York, taking more than 3,000 for resettlement to Nova Scotia, where they were recorded as [[Black Loyalists]] and given land grants.<ref>Peter Kolchin, ''American Slavery: 1619–1877'', New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, pp. 73–77</ref>

===List===
{{See also|Negro Fort|Igbo Landing}}
{{further|Slave rebellion and resistance in the United States}}
{{North American Slave Revolts}}
{{expand section|date=May 2020}}
*[[1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt|Santo Domingo Slave Revolt]] (1521)
*[[San Miguel de Gualdape#Slavery and rebellion|San Miguel de Gualdape Rebellion]] (1526)
*[[Bayano Wars]] (1548)
*[[Gaspar Yanga]]'s Revolt (c. 1570) near the Mexican city of [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]]; the group escaped to the highlands and built a [[maroons|free colony]]
*[[Gloucester County Conspiracy]] (1663)<ref>Joseph Cephas Carroll, ''Slave Insurrections in the United States, 1800–1865'', p. 13</ref>
*[[New York Slave Revolt of 1712]]
*[[Samba Rebellion]] (1731)
*[[1733 slave insurrection on St. John|Slave Insurrection on St. John]] (1733)
*[[Stono Rebellion]] (1739)
*[[New York Conspiracy of 1741]] (alleged)
*During the [[American Revolutionary War]], slaves reacted to [[Dunmore's Proclamation]] and the [[Philipsburg Proclamation]], fleeing and sometimes taking up arms in the British military against their former masters (for example in the [[Ethiopian Regiment]])
*[[Pointe Coupée Slave Conspiracy of 1791]]
*[[Pointe Coupée Slave Conspiracy of 1795]] 
*[[Gabriel's Rebellion]] (1800)
*Rebellions in a dozen North Carolina counties (May and June, 1802)<ref name=Horton>{{cite book|title=Black Bard of North Carolina : George Moses Horton and His Poetry.|first=Joan R|last=Sherman|location=Chapel Hill|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|year=1997|page=4|isbn=0807823414}}</ref>
*[[Chatham Manor]] Rebellion (1805)
* Slaves in three North Carolina counties conspire to poison their owners, in some cases successfully (1805)<ref name=Horton/>
*[[1811 German Coast uprising|German Coast uprising]] (1811)<ref>{{cite book|last=Rasmussen|first=Daniel|title=American Uprising: The Untold Story of America's Largest Slave Revolt|url=https://archive.org/details/americanuprising00dani|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=HarperCollins|page=288|isbn=9780061995217 }}</ref>
*[[Aponte Conspiracy]] (1812)
*[[George Boxley]] Rebellion (1815)
*[[Denmark Vesey's Rebellion]] (1822)
*[[Nat Turner's Rebellion]] (1831)
*[[Baptist War]] (1831)
*[[Second Seminole War|Black Seminole Slave Rebellion]] (1835–1838) <ref>{{cite web |author=J.B. Bird |url=http://www.johnhorse.com/black-seminoles/black-seminole-slave-rebellion.htm |title=Black Seminole slave rebellion, introduction – Rebellion |publisher=Johnhorse.com |access-date=2013-10-04 |archive-date=2006-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828060934/http://www.johnhorse.com/black-seminoles/black-seminole-slave-rebellion.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Amistad (case)|''Amistad'' seizure]] (1839)<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3080/ |title = Unidentified Young Man |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1839–1840 |access-date = 2013-07-28 |archive-date = 2013-09-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927124613/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3080/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
*[[Creole case|''Creole'' case]] (1841) (the most successful slave revolt in US history)
*[[1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/S/SL002.html |title=Slave Revolt of 1842 |publisher=Digital.library.okstate.edu |access-date=2013-10-04 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103030206/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/S/SL002.html |archive-date=2012-11-03 }}</ref>
*[[Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion]] (1849)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strickland |first=Jeff |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108592345 |title=All for Liberty |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108592345 |isbn=978-1-108-59234-5}}</ref>
*[[John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry]] (1859) (failed attempt to organize a slave rebellion)