Editing Smiley (section)

== Language and communication ==
{{main|Emoticon}}
The oldest known smiling face was found by a team of [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] led by Nicolò Marchetti of the [[University of Bologna]]. Marchetti and his team pieced together fragments of a [[Hittites|Hittite]] pot from approximately 1700 BC found in [[Karkamış]], [[Turkey]]. Once the pot had been pieced together, the team noticed that the item had a large smiling face engraved on it, becoming the first item with such a design to be found.<ref>{{cite news |last=Uzundere Kocalar |first=Zuhal |date=17 July 2017 |title=Ancient pot discovery in Turkey contests smiley origin |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture-and-art/ancient-pot-discovery-in-turkey-contests-smiley-origin/863503 |access-date=28 July 2017 |work=Anadolu Ajansı |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721164610/http://aa.com.tr/en/culture-and-art/ancient-pot-discovery-in-turkey-contests-smiley-origin/863503 |url-status=live }}</ref> While this wasn't written in modern day form, cave drawings are considered a form of communication.

The earliest known smiling face to be included in a written document was drawn by a [[Slovaks|Slovak]] notary to indicate his satisfaction with the state of his town's municipal financial records in 1635.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/smileyoldestslovakia.html |title=17th-century Emoji |last=Votruba |first=Martin |work=Slovak Studies Program |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810182423/http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/smileyoldestslovakia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The gold smiling face was drawn on the bottom of the legal document, appearing next to lawyer's Jan Ladislaides signature.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Shreesha |title=World's Oldest Emoji Discovered? Scientists In Slovakia Say They Found 'Smiley Face Emoji' |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/worlds-oldest-emoji-discovered-scientists-slovakia-say-they-found-smiley-face-emoji-2486982 |work=International Business Times |date=6 February 2017 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003060707/https://www.ibtimes.com/worlds-oldest-emoji-discovered-scientists-slovakia-say-they-found-smiley-face-emoji-2486982 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Danish poet and author [[Johannes V. Jensen]] was famous for experimenting with the form of his writing, amongst other things. In a letter sent to publisher Ernst Bojesen in December 1900, he includes both a happy and sad face. It was in the 1900s that the design evolved from a basic eye and mouth design into a more recognizable design.<ref name=JensenSMiley>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210917154853/https://politiken.dk/underholdning/bagsiden/art5576386/Johannes-V.-Jensen-var-f%C3%B8rst-ude-med-smileyen Johannes V. Jensen var først ude med smileyen]</ref>

A disputed early use of a smiling ASCII emoticon in a printed text may have been in [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]]'s poem ''To Fortune'' (1648),<ref>{{cite news|last=Madrigal|first=Alexis C.|title=The First Emoticon May Have Appeared in ... 1648|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/04/the-first-emoticon-may-have-appeared-in-1648/360622/|access-date=15 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=14 April 2014|archive-date=15 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415112942/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/04/the-first-emoticon-may-have-appeared-in-1648/360622/|url-status=live}}</ref> which contains the line "Upon my ruins (smiling yet :)". Journalist Levi Stahl has suggested that this may have been an intentional "orthographic joke", while this occurrence is likely merely the colon placed inside parentheses rather than outside of them as is standard typographic practice today: "(smiling yet):". There are citations of similar punctuation in a non-humorous context, even within Herrick's own work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/04/15/emoticon_robert_herrick_s_17th_century_poem_to_fortune_does_not_contain.html|title=Emoticon: Robert Herrick's 17th-century poem "To Fortune" does not contain a smiley face.|work=Slate Magazine|date=15 April 2014|access-date=7 August 2014|archive-date=20 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720083955/http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/04/15/emoticon_robert_herrick_s_17th_century_poem_to_fortune_does_not_contain.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is likely that the parenthesis was added later by modern editors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://text-patterns.thenewatlantis.com/2014/04/smileys-emoticons-typewriter-art.html|title=smileys, emoticons, typewriter art|work=Text Patterns - The New Atlantis|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228115123/http://text-patterns.thenewatlantis.com/2014/04/smileys-emoticons-typewriter-art.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On the [[Internet]], the emojis has become a visual means of conveyance that uses images. The first known mention on the Internet was on 19 September 1982, when [[Scott Fahlman]] from [[Carnegie Mellon University]] wrote:

{{poemquote| :
<code> I propose that<!-- sic --> the following character sequence for joke markers:

 :-)

 Read it sideways. Actually, it is probably more economical to mark
 things that are NOT jokes, given current trends. For this, use

 :-(</code>
<ref>[http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/Orig-Smiley.htm Fahlman's original message] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513084941/http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/Orig-Smiley.htm |date=13 May 2008 }} Retrieved October 27, 2013.</ref><ref name=SmileyLore />}}

Yellow graphical smileys have been used for many different purposes, including use in early 1980s [[video game]]s. [[Yahoo! Messenger]] (from 1998) used smiley symbols in the user list next to each user, and also as an icon for the application.  In November 2001, and later, smiley emojis inside the actual chat text was adopted by several chat systems, including Yahoo Messenger.
[[File:Codepage-437 (cropped).png|thumb|Smiley faces from DOS code page 437]]
The smiley is the printable version of characters 1 and 2 of (black-and-white versions of) [[codepage 437]] (1981) of the first [[IBM PC]] and all subsequent PC compatible computers. For modern computers, all versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] after [[Windows 95]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wgl.typ.pl/help/enintro.htm#fonts.multi.wgl4 |title= WGL Assistant v1.1: The Multilingual Font Manager |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080324205903/http://wgl.typ.pl/help/enintro.htm |archive-date= 24 March 2008 }}</ref> can use the smiley as part of [[Windows Glyph List 4]], although some [[computer font]]s miss some characters.<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/typography/links/News.aspx?NID=901 Announcing WGL Assistant. Announcement: WGL Assistant V1.1 Beta available] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013101749/http://www.microsoft.com/typography/links/News.aspx?NID=901 |date=13 October 2011 }}, comp.fonts, 27 July 1999, Microsoft Typography – News archive.</ref>

The smiley face was included in [[Unicode]]'s [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] from version 1.1 (1993).<ref>[[:wikibooks:Unicode/Character reference/2000-2FFF]]</ref>

{|
|-
| colspan="3"|Unicode smiley characters:
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☺||U+263A||{{key press|Alt}}+{{key press|1}}||White Smiling Face (This may appear as an emoji on some devices)
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☻||U+263B||{{key press|Alt}}+{{key press|2}}||Black Smiling Face
|-
| colspan="3"| [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] also contains the frowning face:
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☹||U+2639||||White Frowning Face
|}

Later additions to Unicode included a large number of variants expressing a range of human emotions, in particular with the addition of the "[[Emoticons (Unicode block)|Emoticons]]" and "[[Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs]] blocks in Unicode versions 6.0 (2010) and 8.0 (2015), respectively.
These were introduced for compatibility with the ad-hoc implementation of [[emoticon]]s by Japanese telephone carriers in unused ranges of the [[Shift JIS]] standard.
This resulted in a de facto standard in the range with lead bytes 0xF5 to 0xF9.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/emoji/docomo.htm | title=Original Emoji from DoCoMo | publisher=FileFormat.info | access-date=2 September 2019 | archive-date=19 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719142247/https://www.fileformat.info/info/emoji/docomo.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
[[KDDI]] has gone much further than this, and has introduced hundreds more in the space with lead bytes 0xF3 and 0xF4.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/emoji/kddi.htm | title=Original Emoji from KDDI | publisher=FileFormat.info | access-date=2 September 2019 | archive-date=19 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719220744/https://www.fileformat.info/info/emoji/kddi.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

Recent studies have investigated how various [[Demographics|demographic factors]] influence individuals' [[Interpretation (philosophy)|interpretations]] and [[Mental representation|representations]] of [[smiley face|smiley faces]]. A notable study by Clarke et al. (2018) involved an [[Observational study|observational study]] with 723 participants were "asked to [[Drawing|draw]] a smiley face for themselves" to examine the impact of [[Gender|gender]] and [[Ageing|age]] on the way individuals depict smiley faces upon prompting. The findings revealed significant disparities: [[Women|women]] and younger participants (aged 30 or below) were more inclined to illustrate traditional smiley faces, characterized by simple designs that include primarily [[Eye|eyes]] and a [[Mouth|mouth]], often excluding additional features such as [[Nose|noses]] or outlines. These results underscore the presence of demographic biases in the interpretation and depiction of smiley faces, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of these factors in [[Scientific method|research]] and [[Survey methodology|surveys]] that utilize smileys or similar facial symbols, especially those that depend on [[Self-report inventory|self-reported outcomes]] or [[Likert scale|scales]] incorporating facial images to denote [[Emotion|emotional]] or [[Affect (psychology)|evaluative states]].<ref>Clarke, M., McAneney, H., Chan, F., & Maguire, L. (2018). Inconsistencies in the drawing and interpretation of smiley faces: an observational study. ''BMC Research Notes'', 11, Article 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3185-0</ref>