Editing Social work (section)

===India===
The earliest citing of mental disorders in [[India]] are from Vedic Era (2000 BC – AD 600).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gautam |first1=Shiv |title=Mental health in ancient India & its relevance to modern psychiatry |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |date=January 1999 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=5–18 |pmid=21455347 |pmc=2962283 }}</ref> Charaka Samhita, an ayurvedic textbook believed to be from 400 to 200 BC describes various factors of mental stability. It also has instructions regarding how to set up a care delivery system.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lyons |first1=Albert S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eo4AQAAIAAJ |title=Medicine: An Illustrated History |last2=Petrucelli |first2=R. Joseph |date=1987 |publisher=Abradale Press/Abrams |isbn=978-0-8109-8080-8 |language=en}}</ref> In the same era, Siddha was a medical system in south India. The great sage [[Agastya]] was one of the 18 siddhas contributing to a system of medicine. This system has included the Agastiyar Kirigai Nool, a compendium of psychiatric disorders and their recommended treatments.<ref>McGilvray, D. B. (1998). Symbolic Heat: Gender, Health and Worship among the Tamils of South India and Sri Lanka. Ahmedabad: Mapin</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nichter |first=Mark |date=1987 |title=Cultural dimensions of hot, cold and sema in Sinhalese health culture |url=https://www.academia.edu/23593672 |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=377–387 |doi=10.1016/0277-9536(87)90276-0 |pmid=3686087 |issn=0277-9536}}</ref> In Atharva Veda too there are descriptions and resolutions about mental health afflictions. In the Mughal period Unani system of medicine was introduced by an Indian physician Unhammad in 1222.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parkar |first1=SR |last2=Dawani |first2=VS |last3=Apte |first3=JS |title=History of psychiatry in India |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=2001 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=73–6 |pmid=11590303}}</ref> The existing form of psychotherapy was known then as ilaj-i-nafsani in [[Unani medicine]].

The 18th century was a very unstable period in Indian history, which contributed to psychological and social chaos in the Indian subcontinent. In 1745, lunatic asylums were developed in Bombay (Mumbai) followed by Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1784, and Madras (Chennai) in 1794. The need to establish hospitals became more acute, first to treat and manage Englishmen and Indian 'sepoys' (military men) employed by the British East India Company.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Kalpana |date=6 August 2004 |title=Censor Board Bans 'Final Solution' |work=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thara |first1=R. |last2=Padmavati |first2=R. |last3=Srinivasan |first3=T. N. |title=Focus on psychiatry in India |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |date=April 2004 |volume=184 |issue=4 |pages=366–373 |doi=10.1192/bjp.184.4.366 |pmid=15104094 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The First Lunacy Act (also called Act No. 36) that came into effect in 1858 was later modified by a committee appointed in Bengal in 1888. Later, the Indian Lunacy Act, 1912 was brought under this legislation. A rehabilitation programme was initiated between 1870s and 1890s for persons with mental illness at the Mysore Lunatic Asylum, and then an occupational therapy department was established during this period in almost each of the lunatic asylums. The programme in the asylum was called 'work therapy'. In this programme, persons with mental illness were involved in the field of agriculture for all activities. This programme is considered as the seed of origin of psychosocial rehabilitation in India.

Berkeley-Hill, superintendent of the European Hospital (now known as the [[Central Institute of Psychiatry]] (CIP), established in 1918), was deeply concerned about the improvement of mental hospitals in those days. The sustained efforts of Berkeley-Hill helped to raise the standard of treatment and care and he also persuaded the government to change the term 'asylum' to 'hospital' in 1920.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nizamie |first1=S. Haque |last2=Goyal |first2=Nishant |last3=Haq |first3=Mohammad Ziaul |last4=Akhtar |first4=Sayeed |title=Central Institute of Psychiatry: A tradition in excellence |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |date=2008 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=144–148 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.42405 |pmid=19742219 |pmc=2738340 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Techniques similar to the current token-economy were first started in 1920 and called by the name 'habit formation chart' at the CIP, Ranchi. In 1937, the first post of psychiatric social worker was created in the child guidance clinic run by the Dhorabji Tata School of Social Work (established in 1936). It is considered as the first documented evidence of social work practice in Indian mental health field.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

After Independence in 1947, general hospital psychiatry units (GHPUs) were established to improve conditions in existing hospitals, while at the same time encouraging outpatient care through these units. In Amritsar Dr. Vidyasagar instituted active involvement of families in the care of persons with mental illness. This was advanced practice ahead of its times regarding treatment and care. This methodology had a greater impact on social work practice in the mental health field especially in reducing the stigmatisation. In 1948 Gauri Rani Banerjee, trained in the United States, started a master's course in medical and psychiatric social work at the Dhorabji Tata School of Social Work (now TISS). Later the first trained psychiatric social worker was appointed in 1949 at the adult psychiatry unit of [[Yerwada Mental Hospital]], Pune.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

In various parts of the country, in mental health service settings, social workers were employed—in 1956 at a mental hospital in Amritsar, in 1958 at a child guidance clinic of the college of nursing, and in Delhi in 1960 at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences and in 1962 at the [[Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital]]. In 1960, the Madras Mental Hospital (now [[Institute of Mental Health (Chennai)|Institute of Mental Health]]) employed social workers to bridge the gap between doctors and patients. In 1961 the social work post was created at the NIMHANS. In these settings they took care of the psychosocial aspect of treatment. This system enabled social service practices to have a stronger long-term impact on mental health care.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Ratna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50RtPgAACAAJ |title=Psychiatric Social Work in India |date=1991 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-0-8039-9727-1 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1966 by the recommendation Mental Health Advisory Committee, Ministry of Health, Government of India, NIMHANS commenced Department of Psychiatric Social Work started and a two-year Postgraduate Diploma in Psychiatric Social Work was introduced in 1968. In 1978, the nomenclature of the course was changed to MPhil in Psychiatric Social Work. Subsequently, a PhD Programme was introduced. By the recommendations Mudaliar committee in 1962, Diploma in Psychiatric Social Work was started in 1970 at the European Mental Hospital at Ranchi (now CIP). The program was upgraded and other higher training courses were added subsequently.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

A new initiative to integrate mental health with general health services started in 1975 in India. The Ministry of Health, [[Government of India]] formulated the National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) and launched it in 1982. The same was reviewed in 1995 and based on that, the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) was launched in 1996 which sought to integrate mental health care with public health care.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khandelwal |first1=Sudhir K. |last2=Jhingan |first2=Harsh P. |last3=Ramesh |first3=S. |last4=Gupta |first4=Rajesh K. |last5=Srivastava |first5=Vinay K. |title=India mental health country profile |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |date=11 July 2009 |volume=16 |issue=1–2 |pages=126–141 |doi=10.1080/09540260310001635177 |pmid=15276945 |s2cid=8418709 }}</ref> This model has been implemented in all the states and currently there are 125 DMHP sites in India.

[[National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) in 1998 and 2008 carried out systematic, intensive and critical examinations of mental hospitals in India. This resulted in recognition of the human rights of the persons with mental illness by the NHRC. From the NHRC's report as part of the NMHP, funds were provided for upgrading the facilities of mental hospitals. As a result of the study, it was revealed that there were more positive changes in the decade until the joint report of [[National Human Rights Commission of India|NHRC]] and [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences|NIMHANS]] in 2008 compared to the last 50 years until 1998.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nagaraja |first1=D. |url=http://www.antoniocasella.eu/archipsy/nagaraja_2008.pdf |title=Mental Health Care and Human Rights |last2=Murthy |first2=Pratima |date=2008 |publisher=National Human Rights Commission |isbn=}}</ref> In 2016 Mental Health Care Bill was passed which ensures and legally [[Entitlement (fair division)|entitles]] access to treatments with coverage from insurance, safeguarding dignity of the afflicted person, improving legal and healthcare access and allows for free medications.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 August 2016 |title=Mental Health Care Bill Gets Clearance From Rajya Sabha |newspaper=The Huffington Post India |publisher=Times Internet Limited |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/09/mental-health-care-bill-gets-clearance-from-rajya-sabha/ |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317085943/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/09/mental-health-care-bill-gets-clearance-from-rajya-sabha/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 August 2016 |title=Rajya Sabha passes 'patient-centric' Mental Health Care Bill 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-passes-patient-centric-mental-health-care-bill-2013/story-p2ul6lWwLuX1wCvlCD5i3H.html |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311142525/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-passes-patient-centric-mental-health-care-bill-2013/story-p2ul6lWwLuX1wCvlCD5i3H.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/mental-healthcare-bill-passed-parliament-lok-sabha-4588288/| title=What is Mental Healthcare Bill? |work=Indian Express| date=2017-03-28| access-date=June 22, 2023| archive-date=March 26, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326061949/https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/mental-healthcare-bill-passed-parliament-lok-sabha-4588288/| url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2016, [[Disabilities Act]] 1995 was repealed with [[Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016|Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act]] (RPWD), 2016 from the 2014 Bill which ensures benefits for a wider population with disabilities. The Bill before becoming an Act was pushed for amendments by stakeholders mainly against alarming clauses in the "Equality and Non discrimination" section that diminishes the power of the act and allows establishments to overlook or discriminate against persons with disabilities and against the general lack of directives that requires to ensure the proper implementation of the Act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 |url=http://www.disabilityaffairs.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/RPWD%20ACT%202016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024214322/http://disabilityaffairs.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/RPWD%20ACT%202016.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2018 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=disabilityaffairs.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.livelaw.in/salient-features-rights-persons-disabilities-rpwd-bill/| title=Salient Features of Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Bill| website=livelaw.in| date=2016-12-03| access-date=June 22, 2023| archive-date=November 16, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116095539/https://www.livelaw.in/salient-features-rights-persons-disabilities-rpwd-bill/| url-status=live}}</ref>

Mental health in India is in its developing stages. There are not enough professionals to support the demand. According to the [[Indian Psychiatric Society]], there are around 9000 psychiatrists only in the country as of January 2019. Going by this figure, India has 0.75 psychiatrists per 100,000 population, while the desirable number is at least 3 psychiatrists per 100,000. While the number of psychiatrists has increased since 2010, it is still far from a healthy ratio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aurumwellness.in/blog/mentalhealthpicture.html|title=Mental Health In Numbers|website=Aurum Wellness|access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=June 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602155247/https://www.aurumwellness.in/blog/mentalhealthpicture.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lack of any universally accepted single licensing authority compared to foreign countries puts social workers at general in risk. But general bodies/councils accepts automatically a university-qualified social worker as a professional licensed to practice or as a qualified clinician. Lack of a centralized council in tie-up with Schools of Social Work also makes a decline in promotion for the scope of social workers as mental health professionals. Though in this midst the service of social workers has given a facelift to the mental health sector in the country with other allied professionals.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}