Editing Song thrush (section)

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Turdus philomelos -New Zealand -juvenile-8.jpg|right|thumb|Juvenile in New Zealand]]
The song thrush breeds in most of Europe (although not in the greater part of [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], lowland Italy or southern Greece), and across Ukraine and Russia almost to [[Lake Baikal]]. It reaches to 75°N in Norway, but only to about 60°N in Siberia. Birds from [[Scandinavia]], [[Eastern Europe]] and Russia winter around the [[Mediterranean]], North Africa and the [[Middle East]], but only some of the birds in the milder west of the breeding range leave their breeding areas.<ref name="Clement" /> The song thrush has been sighted in North America as a rare [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]], with records from [[Quebec]] in [[Canada]], [[Greenland]], as well as in [[Alaska]], [[California]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Auchu |first=Claude |last2=Girard |first2=Christiane |last3=Savard |first3=Germain |date=2007-03-01 |title=First Record of Song Thrush (turdus Philomelos) in North America |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/nab/vol61/iss1/40/ |journal=North American Birds |volume=61 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boertmann |first=David |date=January 1994 |title=A annotated checklist to the birds of Greenland |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258838869_A_annotated_checklist_to_the_birds_of_Greenland |journal=BioScience |publisher=Meddeleser om Grønland (Monographs on Greenland) |volume=38 |isbn=978-87-635-1225-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Checklist of Alaska Birds |url=https://www.universityofalaskamuseumbirds.org/products/checklist.pdf |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=www.universityofalaskamuseumbirds.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Washington State Checklist – Washington Ornithological Society |url=https://wos.org/records/checklist/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=ML626157778 - Song Thrush - Macaulay Library |url=https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/626157778 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=macaulaylibrary.org}}</ref> It has also been sighted in various Atlantic islands and [[West Africa]].<ref name="Clement" /> In South America, there is a record of a song thrush from [[Colombia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Schauensee |first=Rodolphe Meyer |date=1959 |title=Additions to the "Birds of the Republic of Colombia" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064506 |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=111 |pages=53–75 |issn=0097-3157}}</ref>

In [[Great Britain]] song thrushes are commonly found where there are trees and bushes. Such areas include parks, gardens, coniferous and deciduous woodland and hedgerows.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holden |first=Peter|date=2012 |title=RSPB Handbook Of British Birds |pages=228 |publisher=Christopher Helm |isbn=978-1-4081-2735-3}}</ref>

Birds of the subspecies ''T. p. clarkei'' were introduced to New Zealand and Australia by [[Acclimatisation society|acclimatisation societies]] between 1860 and 1880, apparently for purely sentimental reasons.<ref>{{cite web | title=Manu-kai-hua-rakau | website=New Zealand Birds Online | date=2010-09-02 | url=https://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/song-thrush | access-date=2025-01-26}}</ref><ref name="ENZ" /> In New Zealand, where it was introduced on both the main islands, the song thrush quickly established itself and spread to surrounding islands such as the [[Kermadec Islands|Kermadecs]], [[Chatham Islands|Chatham]] and [[Auckland Islands]].<ref name="NZ" /> Although it is common and widespread in New Zealand, in Australia only a small population survives around [[Melbourne]].<ref name="Oz" /> In New Zealand, there appears to be a limited detrimental effect on some invertebrates due to predation by introduced bird species,<ref name="snail" /> and the song thrush also damages commercial fruit crops in that country.<ref name="DAFWA" /> As an introduced species it has no legal protection in New Zealand, and can be killed at any time.<ref name="MENZ" />

[[File:2007.07.03 juvenile song thrush Dombaih, Russia 108 cc.jpg|thumb|left| Juvenile in a forest near Dombaih, [[Russia]] ([[Caucasus Mountains]])]]

The song thrush typically nests in forest with good undergrowth and nearby more open areas, and in western Europe also uses gardens and parks. It breeds up to the tree-line, reaching {{convert|2,200|m|ft|abbr=off}} in [[Switzerland]]. The island subspecies ''T. p. hebridensis'' breeds in more open country, including [[Heath (habitat)|heathland]], and in the east of the song thrush's Eurasian range, the nominate subspecies is restricted to the edge of the dense conifer forests.<ref name="Clement" />

In intensively farmed areas where agricultural practices appear to have made cropped land unsuitable, gardens are an important breeding habitat. In one English study, only 3.5% of [[territory (animal)|territories]] were found in farmland, whereas gardens held 71.5% of the territories, despite that habitat making up only 2% of the total area. The remaining nests were in woodlands (1% of total area).<ref name="Mason" />

The winter habitat is similar to that used for breeding, except that high ground and other exposed localities are avoided;<ref name="BWP" /> however, the island subspecies ''T. p. hebridensis'' will frequent the seashore in winter.<ref name="Clement" />