Editing Spacing effect (section)

=== Deficient processing ===
According to the ''deficient processing'' view, massed repetitions lead to deficient processing of the second presentation—that we simply do not pay much attention to the later presentations (Hintzman et al., 1973). Greene (1989) proposed this to be the case in [[Recall test|cued-memory tasks]] (e.g. [[recognition memory]], [[frequency estimation]] tasks), which rely more on item information and less on contextual information. The increased voluntary rehearsal of spaced items makes this deficient processing noticeable. Findings that the spacing effect is not found when items are studied through [[incidental learning]] support this account.