Editing Spanish flu (section)

====Other exonyms====
French press initially used 'American flu', but adopted 'Spanish flu' in lieu of antagonizing an ally.<ref name=fiction>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vázquez-Espinosa E, Laganà C, Vázquez F | title = The Spanish flu and the fiction literature | journal = Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 296–312 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32633114 | pmc = 7528412 | doi = 10.37201/req/049.2020 | quote = French journalists had, initially, called it the 'American flu'; but the fact that the American soldiers were his allies in the warlike conflict advised not to assign such a link to them.... Another most popular name in Madrid, was the 'Soldado de Nápoles' (Naples soldier), a popular song in the zarzuela (popular musical genre or 'género chico' in Spain) called ''La canción del olvido'' (The forgotten song) due both, were 'highly contagious'. Today, there are many authors who avoid such a name (the Spanish flu) and they aptly refer to it as the '1918- 1819[sic] influenza pandemic' }}</ref> In the spring of 1918, British soldiers called it 'Flanders flu', while German soldiers used '{{lang|de|Flandern-Fieber}}' (Flemish fever), both after a [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|battlefield]] in [[Belgium]] where many soldiers on both sides fell ill.<ref name=Davis>{{Cite book|vauthors=Davis KC|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1034984776|title=More deadly than war : the hidden history of the Spanish flu and the First World War|date=2018|isbn=978-1-250-14512-3|edition=First|location=New York | publisher = Henry Holt and Company |oclc=1034984776|quote=The Russians called it the Chinese flu. In Japan, it was wrestler's fever. In South Africa, it was known as either the white man's sickness or kaffersiekte blacks' disease. Soldiers fighting in the Great War called it the three-day fever—a highly inaccurate description—and when it first struck in the spring of 1918, German soldiers called it Flanders fever, after one of the war's most notorious and deadly battlefields}}</ref><ref name="Müller">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bax D|year=2020|issue=13|title=Pandemie – Welt im Fieber|trans-title=Pandemic – World in Fever|url=https://www.freitag.de/autoren/der-freitag/welt-im-fieber|access-date=31 July 2021|newspaper=Der Freitag|language=de|quote=In Großbritannien wurde die Krankheit dagegen als 'Flandrische Grippe' bezeichnet, weil sich viele —en in den Schützengräben von Flandern ansteckten.|trans-quote=In Britain, on the other hand, the disease was called the 'Flanders flu' because many soldiers became infected in the trenches of Flanders.|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731023931/https://www.freitag.de/autoren/der-freitag/welt-im-fieber|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=fes>{{Cite web|title=Spanische Grippe|trans-title=The Spanish Flu|vauthors=Müller S|location=[[Bonn]]|year=2020|url=https://www.fes.de/themenportal-geschichte-kultur-medien-netz/geschichte/spanische-grippe|access-date=31 July 2021|website=www.fes.de|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Foundation|language=de|quote=In Europa wurde die Spanischer Grippe auch als 'Blitzkatarrh', als 'Flandern-Fieber', 'flandische Grippe', bei Engländern und Amerikanern als 'three-day'- oder 'knock-me-down'-Fieber, und in Frankreich als 'la grippe', als 'bronchite purulente' (eitrige Bronchitis) oder beim französische Militärärzte als 'Krankheit 11' (maladie onze) bezeichnet. Die Benennung von Krankheiten und insbesondere Seuchen nach ihrem vermuteten Ursprungsort ist nichts Ungewöhnliches. Es ist der Versuch, einem Geschehen auf die Spur zu kommen. Zugleich werden auf diese Weise Krankheiten als etwas Äußerliches gekennzeichnet, als etwas Fremdes, das eingedrungen ist oder eingeschleppt wurde.|trans-quote=In Europe, the Spanish flu was also referred to as 'Blitzkatarrh', as 'Flanders fever', 'Flanders flu', in English and Americans as 'three-day' or 'knock-me-down' fever, and in France as 'la flu', as 'bronchite purulente' (purulent bronchitis) or by French military doctors as 'disease 11' (maladie onze). The naming of diseases and especially epidemics according to their presumed place of origin is nothing unusual. It is an attempt to track down what is happening. At the same time, in this way, diseases are marked as something external, as something foreign that has invaded or been introduced.|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731023932/https://www.fes.de/themenportal-geschichte-kultur-medien-netz/geschichte/spanische-grippe|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=IRCC>{{Cite web|vauthors=Cotter C|date=23 April 2020|title=From the 'Spanish Flu' to COVID-19: lessons from the 1918 pandemic and First World War|url=https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2020/04/23/spanish-flu-covid-19-1918-pandemic-first-world-war/|access-date=7 August 2021|series=Humanitarian Law & Policy|publisher=[[International Committee of the Red Cross]]|quote=Many other nicknames were given to the pandemic, many based on nationality or race: 'Spanish Lady', 'French Flu', 'Naples Soldier', 'Purple Death', 'War Plague', 'Flanders Grippe', 'Kirghiz Disease', 'Black Man's Disease', 'Hun Flu', 'German Plague', 'Bolshevik Disease' or even the 'Turco-Germanic bacterium criminal entreprise'. These discriminatory epithets reflect the many rumors and theories that quickly spread about the origins of the pathology.|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807235800/https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2020/04/23/spanish-flu-covid-19-1918-pandemic-first-world-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Senegal]] it was named 'Brazilian flu', and in [[Brazil]], 'German flu'.{{sfn|Spinney|2018|p=58}} In Spain it was also known as the 'French flu' ({{lang|es|gripe francesa}}),<ref name=Spain/><ref name=Friday>{{Cite web|vauthors=Mayer J|title=The Origin Of The Name 'Spanish Flu'|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-spanish-flu/|date=29 January 2019|access-date=30 July 2021|website=Science Friday|quote=Etymology: In ancient times, before epidemiology science, people believed the stars and "heavenly bodies" flowed into us and dictated our lives and health—influenza means 'to influence' in Italian, and the word stems from the Latin for 'flow in.' Sickness, like other unexplainable events, was attributed to the influence of the stars... But the name for the infamous 1918 outbreak, the Spanish flu, is actually a misnomer.|archive-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129222525/https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-spanish-flu/|url-status=live}}</ref> or the 'Naples Soldier' ({{lang|es|Soldado de Nápoles}}), after a popular song from a [[zarzuela]].{{efn|Then paying in [[Madrid]],''The Song of Forgetting'' ({{lang|es|La canción del olvido}})—because the tune was as catchy as the flu.{{sfn|Davis|2013|pp=103–36}}}}<ref name=fiction/> Spanish flu ({{lang|es|gripe española}}) is now a common name in Spain,<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Landgrebe P |title=100 Years After: The Name of Death |url=https://historycampus.org/2018/spanish-flu-100-years-—-name-of-the-death/ |publisher=History Campus |access-date=16 August 2020 |date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816202544/https://historycampus.org/2018/spanish-flu-100-years-after-name-of-the-death/ |archive-date=16 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> but remains controversial there.<ref name="Rodríguez 2019">{{Cite news|vauthors=Rodríguez LP, Palomba AL|date=5 March 2019|title=How is the adjective 'Spanish' used in other languages?|work=[[El País]]|edition=English|location=[[Madrid]]|url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/19/inenglish/1550570720_431591.html|access-date=1 August 2021|quote=The use of 'Spanish' can often have negative connotations, with the adjective often unfairly used to describe unwelcome events and problems. The most obvious example is the so-called 'Spanish flu,' a reference to the 1918 influenza pandemic...|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801144508/https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/19/inenglish/1550570720_431591.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 2020">{{cite news | vauthors=O'Reilly T | series=Under the Influence | title=How the Spanish Flu wasn't Spanish at all | work=[[CBC Radio]] | date=13 May 2020 | url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/how-the-spanish-flu-wasn-t-spanish-at-all-1.5607552 | access-date=1 August 2021 | quote=Medical professionals and officials in Spain protested. They said the Spanish people were being falsely stigmatized.... If you've ever wondered about the staying power of a brand, the 'Spanish Flu' is a case in point. A full 100 years later, the 'Spanish Flu' is still referenced — and still remains a source of irritation in Spain. | archive-date=1 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801144506/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/how-the-spanish-flu-wasn-t-spanish-at-all-1.5607552 | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Other (philosophy)|Othering]] derived from geopolitical borders and social boundaries.{{Sfn|Dionne|Turkmen|2020}}<ref name="v885">{{cite journal |last1=Ristić |first1=Dušan |last2=Marinković |first2=Dušan |date=2022-11-14 |title=Biopolitics of othering during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |publisher=Palgrave |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=409 |doi=10.1057/s41599-022-01435-7 |issn=2662-9992 |pmc=9662131 |pmid=36406151 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In Poland it was the '[[Bolshevik]] disease',{{sfn|Spinney|2018|p=58}}<ref name=Takon>{{Cite web|vauthors=Takon L|date=7 April 2020|title=Fighting words: how war metaphors can trigger racism|url=https://lighthouse.mq.edu.au/article/march/Fighting-words-how-war-metaphors-can-trigger-racism|access-date=8 August 2021|website=The Lighthouse|publisher=[[Macquarie University]]|language=en-au|quote=the names given to this disease in different parts of the world reflected prevailing concerns about certain ethnic groups and ideologies. The disease was called the 'Singapore fever' in Penang and the Bolshevik disease in Poland.|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808221751/https://lighthouse.mq.edu.au/article/march/Fighting-words-how-war-metaphors-can-trigger-racism|url-status=live}}</ref> while in Russia it was referred to it as the '[[Kyrgyz people|Kirghiz]] disease'.<ref name=IRCC/> Some Africans called it a 'white man's sickness', but in [[South Africa]], white men also used the [[ethnophaulism]] {{lang|af|[[Kaffir (racial term)|'kaffersiekte']]}} ({{lit|[[negro]] disease}}).<ref name=Davis/><ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Phillips H|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DktxAAAAMAAJ&q=In+one+area+where+Blacks+were+the+first+victims+,+the+accusatory+term+,+%E2%80%9C+Kaffersiekte+%E2%80%9D+was+coined|title=Black October: The Impact of the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918 on South Africa|date=1990|publisher=Government Printer, South Africa|isbn=978-0-7970-1580-7|language=en|quote=In one area where Blacks were the first victims, the accusatory term  'Kaffersiekte' was coined; in another district, where the position was reversed, Blacks returned the compliment with, White man's sickness'|archive-date=1 October 2024|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001014333/https://books.google.com/books?id=DktxAAAAMAAJ&q=In+one+area+where+Blacks+were+the+first+victims+,+the+accusatory+term+,+%E2%80%9C+Kaffersiekte+%E2%80%9D+was+coined|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Japan]] blamed [[sumo]] wrestlers for bringing the disease home from [[Taiwan#Japanese rule (1895–1945)|Taiwan]], calling it 'sumo flu' ({{lang|ja-Latn<!--|相撲風邪-->|Sumo Kaze}}).<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=ja:余録: 「春のさきぶれ」といえば何か聞こえが良いが...|trans-title=Speaking of "spring sekibu", something sounds good...|date=15 May 2020|url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20200515/ddm/001/070/126000c|access-date=8 August 2021|script-work=ja:=毎日新聞|trans-work=Mainichi Shimbun morning newspaper|language=ja|script-quote=ja:翌月の東京の夏場所は高熱などによる全休力士が相次いだ.世間はこれを「相撲風邪」「力士風邪」と呼んだが、実はこの謎の感染症こそが同年初めから米国で流行の始まった「スペイン風邪」とみられている.|trans-quote=The following month, a number of sumo wrestlers were absent from the summer tournament in Tokyo due to high fevers. People called it the "sumo flu" or "wrestler flu," but in fact, this mysterious infection is believed to be the Spanish flu, which began spreading in the United States early that year.|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808050339/https://mainichi.jp/articles/20200515/ddm/001/070/126000c|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Spanish flu of 1918-20 ravaged Japan|url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/kuchikomi/how-the-spanish-flu-of-1918-20-ravaged-japan|access-date=8 August 2021|website=Japan Today|date=6 May 2020|language=en|quote=The first patients in Japan, reported Shukan Gendai (May 2–9), began showing symptoms around April 1918. Initially the disease was referred to as the "Sumo Kaze" (sumo cold) because a contingent of sumo wrestlers contracted it while on a tour of Taiwan. Three well known grapplers, Masagoishi, Choshunada and Wakagiyama, died before they could return from Taiwan. As the contagion spread, the summer sumo tournament, which would have been held on the grounds of Yasukuni shrine, was cancelled.|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808050338/https://japantoday.com/category/features/kuchikomi/how-the-spanish-flu-of-1918-20-ravaged-japan|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[World Health Organization]] 'best practices' first published in 2015 now aim to prevent [[social stigma]] by not associating [[Cultural heritage|culturally significant]] names with new diseases, listing "Spanish flu" under "examples to be avoided".{{Sfn|Dionne|Turkmen|2020|pp=213–230}}<ref name=Hoppe/><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO issues best practices for naming new human infectious diseases|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/08-05-2015-who-issues-best-practices-for-naming-new-human-infectious-diseases|date=8 May 2015|access-date=4 August 2021|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731160224/https://www.who.int/news/item/08-05-2015-who-issues-best-practices-for-naming-new-human-infectious-diseases|url-status=live}}</ref>  Many authors now eschew calling this the Spanish flu,<ref name=fiction/> instead using variations of '1918–19/20 flu/influenza pandemic'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/influenza/pandemic-influenza-an-evolving-challenge/en/ |title=Pandemic influenza: an evolving challenge |date=22 May 2018 |website=World Health Organization |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200320220124/https://www.who.int/influenza/pandemic-influenza-an-evolving-challenge/en/ |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/event/influenza-pandemic-of-1918-1919 |title=Influenza pandemic of 1918–19 |date=4 March 2020 |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200320220920/https://www.britannica.com/event/influenza-pandemic-of-1918-1919 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |vauthors=Chodosh S |url=https://www.popsci.com/story/health/coronavirus-1918-flu-pandemic/ |title=What the 1918 flu pandemic can teach us about COVID-19, in four charts |date=18 March 2020 |work=PopSci |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224025632/https://www.popsci.com/story/health/coronavirus-1918-flu-pandemic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>