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Speed limit
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=== Excessive speed === Consequential results of basic law violations are often categorized as ''excessive speed'' crashes; for example, the leading cause of [[German autobahns#Safety|crashes on German autobahns]] in 2012 fell into that category: 6,587 so-called "speed related" crashes claimed the lives of 179 people, which represented almost half (46.3%) of 387 autobahn fatalities in 2012.<ref name="www.destatis.de 2012">{{cite web|title=Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Straßen 2012 (Accident trends on German roads 2012)|date=2013-07-10|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/TransportVerkehr/Verkehrsunfaelle/PK_Unfallentwicklung_PDF.pdf?__blob=publicationFile|publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistics Office)|quote=(Seite 19) Mit 29 Getöteten je 1 000 Unfälle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstraßen fünfmal höher als auf Innerortsstraßen und auch höher als auf Autobahnen, auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unfälle starben. Ein Grund für das wesentlich höhere Risiko auf Landstraßen und Autobahnen ist, dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstraßen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt... (Seite 20) Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die "nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit." Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unfälle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unfälle, bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde. Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunfällen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode, das heißt nahezu die Hälfte (46,3 %) aller Getöteten auf Autobahnen... (Seite 20) Hierbei ist allerdings zu berücksichtigen, dass die Unfallursache "nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit" häufig nicht bedeutet, dass die zulässige Höchstgeschwindigkeit überschritten worden ist. "Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit" wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst, wenn ein Beteiligter für die vorliegenden Straßen- oder Witterungsverhältnisse zu schnell gefahren ist.|access-date=2013-09-23|website=www.destatis.de|format=PDF}}</ref> However, "excessive speed" does not necessarily mean the speed limit was exceeded, rather that police determined at least one party traveled too fast for existing conditions.<ref name="www.destatis.de 2012" /><ref name="Starnberg Fatality 2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.merkur-online.de/lokales/starnberg/landkreis/autobahn-gesperrt-schwerer-unfall-starnberg-mm-3040140.html|title=A 95: Polizei geschockt über "immenses Tempo" [Translation: A 95: Police Shocked At High Speed]|date=2013-08-05|publisher=Merkur Online [The Mercury online version]|access-date=2013-09-29|quote=den stellvertretenden Kommandanten der Feuerwehr aus Hohenschäftlarn (Kreis München), Daniel Buck... war mit seinen Kollegen einer der ersten an der Unfallstelle, an der ein Porschefahrer (51) so schnell in den Toyota einer 67-jährigen Weilheimerin bretterte, dass sich ihr Auto mehrmals überschlug. Die Frau musste noch vor Ort reanimiert werden, starb jedoch später im Krankenhaus. Die beiden Männer im Porsche kamen mit leichten Verletzungen davon... Auf Höhe des Dreiecks Starnberg verlor er auf der linken Spur die Kontrolle über sein Auto. Er kam ins Schleudern, schoss rechts über einen Grünstreifen und kam auf dem Zubringer aus Starnberg wieder auf die Fahrbahn. Dort rammte er die 67-jährige Weilheimerin in ihrem Toyota... Zeugen vor Ort schätzen, dass der Sportwagen mit rund 300 Kilometer pro Stunde unterwegs war... Ein Zeuge hatte seinen Tempomat auf 140 Stundenkilometer eingestellt und war von dem Sportwagen überholt worden. "Er schätzt, der Porsche war doppelt so schnell," sagt Buck. Und: "...Schneller wie 160 Kilometer pro Stunde ist hier absolut unangemessen.". [Translation: deputy commander of the fire brigade from Hohenschaeftlarn county (Munich), Daniel Buck...was one of the first with his colleagues at the accident site where a Porsche driver (age 51) bashed into the Toyota driven by a 67-year-old [[Weilheim in Oberbayern]] resident, rolling her car over several times. The woman had to be resuscitated on site but died later in hospital. The two men in the Porsche escaped with minor injuries... At the peak of the Starnberg interchange in the left lane, he lost control of his car. He went into a skid, shot right through a grass strip to ram the 67-year-old Weilheimer resident in her Toyota... Witnesses on site estimated that the sports car was traveling about 300 kilometers per hour... One witness had his cruise control set at 140 kilometers per hour and was overtaken by the sports car. "He estimates the Porsche was twice as fast," says Buck. And: "This is simply irresponsible; even as fast as 160 kilometers per hour is inappropriate. "]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/19/autobahn-pileup-52-car-pileup_n_1102820.html|title=Autobahn Pileup: 52-Car German Crash Kills 3 (VIDEO)|date=2011-11-19|work=Huffington Post}}</ref> Examples of conditions where drivers may find themselves driving too fast include wet roadways (due to rain, snow, or ice), reduced visibility (due to fog<ref>{{cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Maev|title='All you could hear was cars crashing': 120-car pile-up on Sheppey bridge|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/sep/05/car-pileup-sheppey-bridge-kent|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2013-09-06}}</ref> or "white out" snow<ref>{{cite web|title=Girl killed, 138 cars involved in two massive pileups|website=Fox 19|date=2013-01-21|url=http://www.fox19.com/story/20639696/girl-12-killed-in-86-car-pileup-on-i-275|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109151401/http://www.fox19.com/story/20639696/girl-12-killed-in-86-car-pileup-on-i-275|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-09}}</ref>), uneven roads, construction zones,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanatogapost.com/2013/07/10/detectives-excessive-speed-factor-in-422-crash-death/|title=Detectives: Excessive Speed Factor In 422 Crash Death|date=2013-07-10|website=The Post|access-date=2013-11-06|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142331/http://sanatogapost.com/2013/07/10/detectives-excessive-speed-factor-in-422-crash-death/}}</ref> curves,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/kyle-stein-charged-in-colerain-twp-crash-that-killed-rachel-mcgrath-and-eric-moormann|quote=[The teenage driver] lost control of the vehicle on a "curvy portion" of Sheed Road in Colerain Township and struck a parked Ford Titanium. The crash killed both passengers, [the driver] was traveling in excess of the posted {{cvt|35|mph}} speed limit to "catch up to a new model Audi R8 to get a better look at this costly vehicle"|title=Kyle Stein charged in Colerain Twp. crash that killed Rachel McGrath and Eric Moormann|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-date=2013-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107232727/http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/kyle-stein-charged-in-colerain-twp-crash-that-killed-rachel-mcgrath-and-eric-moormann|url-status=dead}}</ref> intersections, gravel roads,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20131013/NEWS06/310130122/|title=Teen dies when fast Camaro crashes on gravel road in Spring Arbor Township|date=2013-10-13|website=Detroit Free press|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109160338/http://www.freep.com/article/20131013/NEWS06/310130122/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and heavy traffic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Too Fast for Conditions|publisher=Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (U.S. Department of Transportation)|url=https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/about/outreach/education/driverTips/Too-Fast-for-Conditions-all.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105051614/https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/about/outreach/education/driverTips/Too-Fast-for-Conditions-all.htm|archive-date=2013-11-05|url-status=dead|access-date=2013-10-31}}</ref> Per distance traveled, consequences of inappropriate speed are more frequent on lower speed, lower quality roads;<ref>{{cite web|quote=the SUV was traveling between {{cvt|62|mph}} and {{cvt|70|mph}} on a {{cvt|35|mph}} road before it flipped into a pond in a dark, unlit area in Warren on March 10, [2013], killing the 19-year-old driver and five of the seven boys riding with her|url=http://www.omaha.com/news/no-sign-of-alcohol-for-teens-killed-in-oh-crash/article_62561445-eb6d-593e-9100-68330df9ddc9.html|title=No sign of alcohol for 6 teens killed in OH crash|date=4 April 2013 }}</ref> in the United States, for example, the "speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates".<ref>{{cite web|title=Speeding Counts on All Roads|url=http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/23000/23100/23121/12SpeedCountsNumbers.pdf|quote=almost 50 percent of speeding-related fatalities occur on lower speed collector and local roads, which carry only 28.1 percent of the total vehicle miles traveled in the United States... the deadly consequences of speeding on local and collector roads becomes even more dramatic. The speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates|publisher=FHWA Safety (November 2000)|access-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016055545/http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/23000/23100/23121/12SpeedCountsNumbers.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> For speed management, a distinction can exist between ''excess speed'', which consists of driving in excess of the speed limit, and ''inappropriate speed'', which consists of going too fast for the conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/ersosynthesis2018-speedenforcement.pdf|title=Speed Enforcement|date=2018|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref>
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