Editing Spoiler effect (section)

=== Runoff systems ===
Plurality-runoff methods like the [[two-round system]] and [[instant-runoff voting|RCV]] still experience vote-splitting in each round. This produces a kind of spoiler effect called a [[center squeeze]]. Compared to plurality without primaries, the elimination of weak candidates in earlier rounds reduces their effect on the final results; however, spoiled elections remain common compared to other systems.<ref name="Sen-2017" /><ref name="Borgers2">{{Cite book |last=Borgers |first=Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_XMHD4shnQC |title=Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=SIAM |isbn=9780898716955 |language=en |quote=Candidates C and D spoiled the election for B ... With them in the running, A won, whereas without them in the running, B would have won. ... Instant runoff voting ... does ''not'' do away with the spoiler problem entirely, although it ... makes it less likely}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Poundstone |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_24bJHyBV6sC |title=Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It) |date=2009-02-17 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=9781429957649 |language=en |quote=IRV is excellent for preventing classic spoilers-minor candidates who tip the election from one major candidate to another. It is not so good when the 'spoiler' has a real chance of winning}}</ref> As a result, instant-runoff voting still tends towards [[Two-party system|two-party rule]] through the process known as [[Duverger's law]].<ref name="Poundstone, William.-201323"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite web |last=Drutman |first=Lee |date=2024-09-12 |title=We need more (and better) parties |url=https://leedrutman.substack.com/p/we-need-more-and-better-parties |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Undercurrent Events}}</ref> A notable example of this can be seen in [[2024 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska|Alaska's 2024 race]], where party elites pressured candidate [[Nancy Dahlstrom]] into dropping out to avoid a repeat of the [[2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election|spoiled 2022 election]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Volić |first=Ismar |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.7492228 |title=Making Democracy Count |date=2024-04-02 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24882-0 |publication-date=2024-04-02 |at=Ch. 2 |chapter=Duverger's law |doi=10.2307/jj.7492228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Strassel |first=Kimberly A. |date=2024-08-27 |title=Ranked Choice May Die in Alaska |url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/ranked-choice-may-die-in-alaska-4452235c |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Early |first=Wesley |date=2024-09-05 |title=Why candidates are withdrawing from Alaska's general election |url=https://alaskapublic.org/2024/09/04/why-candidates-are-withdrawing-from-alaskas-general-election/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Alaska Public Media |publisher=[[NPR]] |place=[[Anchorage]], [[Alaska]] |language=en-US}}</ref>