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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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==Diseases and symptoms== Pneumonia is the most prevalent disease caused by ''Streptococcus pneumoniae.'' Pneumonia is a lung infection characterized by symptoms such as fever, chills, coughing, rapid or labored breathing, and chest pain.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lim |first=Wei Shen |title=Pneumonia—Overview |date=2022 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine |pages=185–197 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11636-8 |access-date=2024-12-05 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11636-8 |isbn=978-0-08-102724-0|pmc=7241411 }}</ref> For the elderly, those who contract pneumonia have also shown these lesser nonspecific symptoms, but also tend to show that they have tachypnea a few days before clinical certainty that they have contracted the bacterial illness. Tachypnea is characterized by rapid and shallow breathing and can affect a person’s ability to sleep, chest pain, and a decreased appetite.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zalacain |first1=Rafael |last2=Torres |first2=Antoni |date=July 2004 |title=Pneumonia in the Elderly |url=https://journals.lww.com/00045413-200407000-00002 |journal=Clinical Pulmonary Medicine |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=210–218 |doi=10.1097/01.cpm.0000132888.49928.86 |issn=1068-0640|url-access=subscription }}</ref> While a few different bacterial infections can lead to meningitis, S. pneumoniae is one of the leading causes of this infection. Pneumococcal meningitis occurs when the bacteria goes from the blood to the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. Here, the infection will spread and cause inflammation, leading to severe disabilities like brain damage or hearing loss or limb removal or death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gil |first1=Eliza |last2=Wall |first2=Emma |last3=Noursadeghi |first3=Mahdad |last4=Brown |first4=Jeremy S. |date=2023-01-04 |title=Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis and the CNS barriers |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |language=English |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2022.1106596 |doi-access=free |pmid=36683708 |pmc=9845635 |issn=2235-2988}}</ref> Symptoms include common problems such as head aches, fevers, and nausea, but the more telling signs that a bacterial infection may have reached the brain are sensitivity to light, seizures, having limited range in neck movement, and easy bruising all over the body. Osteomyelitis, or bone infection, is a rare occurrence but has been seen in patients who were diagnosed to have a S. pneumoniae infection that went untreated for too long.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sheybani |first1=Fereshte |last2=Figueiredo |first2=Ana Helena A. |last3=Brouwer |first3=Matthijs C. |last4=van de Beek |first4=Diederik |date=October 2021 |title=Vertebral osteomyelitis in bacterial meningitis patients |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=111 |pages=354–359 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.069 |pmid=34487853 |issn=1201-9712|doi-access=free }}</ref> Sepsis is caused by overwhelming response to an infection and leads to tissue damage, [[organ failure]], and even death. The symptoms include confusion, shortness of breath, elevated heart rate, pain or discomfort, over-perspiration, fever, shivering, or feeling cold.<ref>{{cite web|title=Symptoms and Complications|url=https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/symptoms-complications.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=24 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pneumonia after coronavirus|url=https://kdl.ru/patient/blog/pnevmoniya-kak-oslozhnenie-koronavirusa|website=KDL|date=21 October 2024 }}</ref> Less severe illnesses that can be caused by pneumococcal infection are conjunctivitis (pink eye ), otitis media (middle ear infection), Bronchitis (airway inflammation), and sinusitis (sinus infection).<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24231-pneumococcal-disease |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref>
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