Editing Stuttgart (section)

=== Early Modern era ===
In 1488, Stuttgart officially became the de facto residence of the Count himself as opposed to the location of his home, the Old Castle.<ref name="StuttInfo"/> [[Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg|Eberhard I]], then Count Eberhard V, became the first [[Duke of Württemberg]]{{efn|This type of sovereign royal duke was known in Germany as a ''[[Herzog]]''.}} in 1495,<ref name="StadtHist"/> and made Stuttgart the seat of the [[Duchy of Württemberg]] in addition to the County thereof. All this would be lost to the Württembergs during the reign of his son, [[Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg|Ulrich]]. Though Ulrich initially made territorial gains as a result of his decision to fight alongside the Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]],<ref name="EBUlrichDuke">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulrich-duke-of-Wurttemberg |year=2009 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116042723/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulrich-duke-of-Wurttemberg |url-status=live }}</ref> he was no friend of the powerful [[Swabian League]] nor of his own subjects,<ref name="EBUlrichDuke"/> who launched the [[Poor Conrad]] rebellion of 1514.<ref name="Peasant Rebellions">{{cite web |url=http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me07/me07_359.htm |title=Vorläufer des großen Bauernkriegs zwischen 1476 und 1517 |trans-title=Forerunner of the great Peasants' War between 1476 and 1517 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501073843/http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me07/me07_359.htm |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Tax Rebellions">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrvxuLs101cC&pg=PT189 |title=A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present |first=David F. |last=Burg |isbn=9781135959999 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |chapter=Tax Rebellions |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142739/https://books.google.com/books?id=LrvxuLs101cC&pg=PT189 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this and his rivalry with the Swabian League, his undoing would actually come in the form of his unhappy marriage to [[Sabina of Bavaria, Duchess of Württemberg|Sabina of Bavaria]].{{sfn|Bietenholz|Deutscher|2003|p=464}} In 1515, Ulrich killed an imperial knight and lover of Sabina's by the name of Hans von Hutten,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geschichtsverein-koengen.de/Ulrich.htm |title=Herzog Ulrich von Württemberg – Der Mord im Böblinger Wald |trans-title=Duke Ulrich of Württemberg – The Murder in the Böblinger Forest |website=Geschichtsverein-koengen.de |date=26 August 2013 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418154144/http://geschichtsverein-koengen.de/Ulrich.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> obliging her to flee to the court of her brother, [[William IV, Duke of Bavaria|William IV]], [[Duke of Bavaria]], who successfully had Ulrich placed under [[Imperial ban]] twice. When the Emperor died in 1519, Ulrich struck, seizing the Free Imperial City of [[Reutlingen]], prompting the League to intervene. That same year, Ulrich was soundly defeated and he was driven into exile in France and Switzerland following the League's conquest of Württemberg.<ref name="EBUlrichDuke"/> Württemberg was then sold by the League to Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]],<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Ulrich|volume=27|pages=567–568}} This work in turn cites:
*L. F. Heyd, ''Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg'' (Tübingen, 1841–1844)
*B. Kugler, ''Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg'' (Stuttgart, 1865)
*H. Ulmann, ''Fünf Jahre württembergischer Geschichte 1515–1519'' (Leipzig, 1867)
*[[Johannes Janssen]], ''Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters'' (Freiburg, 1890) Eng. trans. by A. M. Christie and M. A. Mitchell (London, 1900 seq.)
*C. F. von Stälin, ''Wirtembergische Geschichte. Bd. iv.'' (Stuttgart, 1873)
*J. Wille, ''Philipp der Grossmüthige von Hessen und die Restitution Ulrichs von Wirtemberg'' (Tübingen, 1882)</ref> who then granted it to his brother, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], thus beginning the 12 year ownership of the county by the [[Habsburgs]].<ref name="WorldTravGuide"/> When the peasants Ulrich had crushed before rose once again in the [[German Peasants' War]],<ref name="Peasant Rebellions"/><ref name="Tax Rebellions"/> Stuttgart was occupied by the peasant armies for a few days in the Spring of 1525. Ulrich, with the help of [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse|Philip I]], [[Landgrave of Hesse]], seized the chance to restore himself to power (albeit as an Austrian vassal)<ref name="EBUlrichDuke"/> in the turmoil of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] and [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars#Habsburg advance|War with the]] [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] and invited [[Erhard Schnepf]] to bring the Reformation to Stuttgart. He accepted, was named Court Preacher in Stuttgart, and worked in concert with [[Ambrosius Blarer]] until his dismissal following his resistance to the [[Augsburg Interim]] by the Duke in 1548.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schnepf, Erhard |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&word=SCHNEPF.ERHARD |publisher=Christian Cyclopedia |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003037/http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=S&word=SCHNEPF.ERHARD |url-status=dead}}</ref> Duke Ulrich himself died two years later, and was succeeded by his son, [[Christoph, Duke of Württemberg|Christoph]]. He had grown up in a Württemberg in turmoil and wished to rebuild its image. To this end, he once again began a construction boom all over the Duchy under the direction of Court Architect Aberlin Tretsch;{{sfn|Fuchs|2004|p=50}} knowing full well that the time of the Reisekönigtum was over, Christoph and Tretsch rebuilt and remodeled the Old Castle into a [[Renaissance]] palace,<ref name="LanMus:AltSch"/> and from 1542 to 1544, what is today the [[Schillerplatz (Stuttgart)|Schillerplatz]] was built as a town square.<ref name="StadtHist"/> Duke Christoph also responded to the increasing made for drinking water by embarking upon a massive [[hydraulic engineering]] project in the form of a {{cvt|2810|ft|m}} tunnel to Pffaf Lake, the [[Glems]], and the [[Nesenbach]] from 1566 to 1575. In 1575, Georg Beer was also appointed Court Architect, and he built the Lusthaus. But it was architect Heinrich Schickhardt who would carry Tretsch's torch further; Schickhardt constructed the Stammheim Castle in the suburb of Stammheim, rebuilt the Fruchtkasten in the today's Schillerplatz,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.wlb-stuttgart.de/sammlungen/sammlungsliste/werksansicht/?no_cache=1&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=5186&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=1 |title=Werksansicht |website=Digital.wlb-stuttgart.de |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042055/http://digital.wlb-stuttgart.de/sammlungen/sammlungsliste/werksansicht/?no_cache=1&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=5186&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and expanded the Prinzebau.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prinzebau Stuttgart |url=https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-prinzenbau |publisher=Stuttgart Marketing GmbH |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042036/https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-prinzenbau |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Thirty Years' War]] devastated the city,<ref name="GeschStutt2">{{cite web |title=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart: Die Neuzeit (1500 bis 1800) |trans-title=The History of Stuttgart: The Modern Era (1500 to 1800) |url=http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/neuzeit.html |work=Die Geschichte von Stuttgart |year=2008 |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=de |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042052/http://www.stuttgart-geschichte.de/history/neuzeit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and it would slowly decline for a period of time from then on.<ref name="EBStutt"/> After the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant [[Heilbronn League]] by the Habsburgs at [[Battle of Nördlingen (1634)|Nörlingen]] in 1634, [[Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg|Duke Eberhard III]] and his court fled in exile to [[Strasbourg]], abandoning the Duchy to looting by pro-[[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] forces. The Habsburgs once again had full reign of the city for another four years, and in that time Stuttgart had to carry the burden of billeting the pro-Habsburg armies in [[Swabia]]. [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], [[King of the Romans]], entered the city in 1634 and, two years later in 1636, once again attempted to re-Catholicize Württemberg.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=33}} The next year, the [[Bubonic plague]] struck and devastated the population.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=34}} The Duke returned in 1638 to a realm somewhat partitioned to Catholic factions in the region, and entirely ravaged by the war. In the Duchy itself, battle, [[famine]], [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and war reduced the Duchy's population of 350,000 in 1618 to 120,000 in 1648 – about 57% of the population of Württemberg.{{sfn|Wilson|2009|p=789}} Recovery would be slow for the next several decades, but began nonetheless with the city's first bookstore in 1650 and high school in 1686.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=37}} This progress was almost entirely undone when [[Kingdom of France|French]] soldiers under [[Ezéchiel du Mas, Comte de Mélac|Ezéchiel du Mas]] appeared outside the city's walls in 1688 during the [[Nine Years' War]],{{sfn|Dieterle|p=37}} but the city was saved from another sack due to the diplomatic ability of [[Magdalena Sibylla of Hesse-Darmstadt|Magdalena Sibylla]],{{sfn|Dieterle|p=37}} reigning over Württemberg as regent for her son,<ref>{{cite web |title=Das Leben der Magdalena Sibylla von Hessen Darmstadt: Grafentochter wird Herzogin |url=https://www.echo-online.de/freizeit/kunst-und-kultur/kulturnachrichten/das-leben-der-magdalena-sibylla-von-hessen-darmstadt-grafentochter-wird-herzogin_15334823 |website=echo-online.de |publisher=Echo |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002936/https://www.echo-online.de/freizeit/kunst-und-kultur/kulturnachrichten/das-leben-der-magdalena-sibylla-von-hessen-darmstadt-grafentochter-wird-herzogin_15334823 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg|Eberhard Ludwig]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

For the first time in centuries, Duke Eberhard Ludwig moved the seat of the Duchy out of the declining city of Stuttgart in 1718 to [[Ludwigsburg]], founded in 1704, while the [[Ludwigsburg Palace|namesake Baroque palace]], known as the "Versailles of Swabia",{{sfn|Dorling|2001|p=292}} was still under construction.{{sfn|Dorling|2001|p=292}} When Eberhard Ludwig died, his nephew [[Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg|Charles Alexander]], ascended to the throne.<ref name="GeschStutt2"/> Charles Alexander himself died in 1737, meaning his son [[Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg|Charles Eugene]] became the premature Duke (and later King) at the age of nine. When he came of age and returned from his tutoring at the court of [[Frederick the Great]], [[King of Prussia]], Charles desired to move the capital back to Stuttgart. He commissioned the construction of the [[New Palace (Stuttgart)|New Castle]] in 1746,<ref>{{cite web |title=Neues Schloss Stuttgart |url=https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-neues-schloss-stuttgart |website=Region Stuttgart |publisher=Stuttgart Marketing GmbH |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002901/https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/a-neues-schloss-stuttgart |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Castle Solitude]] in 1763,<ref>{{cite web |title=Solitude Palace |url=https://www.schloss-solitude.de/en/home/ |publisher=Baden-Wurttemberg |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904084827/https://www.schloss-solitude.de/en/home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Castle Hohenheim]] in 1785,<ref>{{cite web |title=Schloss Hohenheim |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/138049/1/dept/108620 |publisher=City of Stuttgart |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118094453/https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/138049/1/dept/108620 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Karlsschule Stuttgart|Karlsschule]] in 1770.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akademie |url=http://www.schlossgarten.de/un/akademie/akademiegebaeude.html |publisher=das Gebäude |access-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030217190256/http://www.schlossgarten.de/un/akademie/akademiegebaeude.html |archive-date=17 February 2003}}</ref> The rule of Charles Eugene also saw the tutoring and origins of [[Friedrich Schiller]] in Stuttgart, who studied medicine and completed [[The Robbers]] here.<ref name="GeschStutt2"/> Stuttgart, at the end of the 18th century, remained a very provincial town of 20,000 residents, narrow alleys, and agriculture and livestock. Despite being the capital and seat of the Duchy, the general staff of the [[Army of Württemberg]] was not present in the city.{{sfn|Dieterle|p=47}} In 1794, Duke Charles dissolved the Karlsschule to prevent the spreading of revolutionary ideas.

Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Württemberg became an electorate in 1803,<ref name="StadtHist"/> and was yet again named as capital when the [[Kingdom of Württemberg]] was formed in 1805 by the [[Peace of Pressburg (1805)|Peace of Pressburg]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Le traité de paix de Presbourg, 26 décembre 1805 |url=https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/le-traite-de-paix-de-presbourg-26-decembre-1805/ |publisher=Napoleon.org |access-date=14 October 2018 |language=fr |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825213339/https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/le-traite-de-paix-de-presbourg-26-decembre-1805/ |url-status=live }}</ref>