Editing Sundanese language (section)

==Phonology==
Sundanese orthography is highly phonemic (see also [[Sundanese script]]).

=== Vowels ===
There are seven vowels: a {{IPA|/a/}}, é {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, i {{IPA|/i/}}, o {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, u {{IPA|/u/}}, e {{IPA|/ə/}}, and eu {{IPA|/ɨ/}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Müller-Gotama|first=Franz|title=Sundanese|date=2001|publisher=LINCOM Europa|series=Languages of the World. Materials|volume=369|place=Munich}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
| colspan="2" |
|}

=== Consonants ===
According to Müller-Gotama (2001) there are 18 consonants in the Sundanese phonology: {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA|/h/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}; however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/z/}} (as in ''fonem'', ''qur'an'', ''xerox'', ''zakat''). The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with the letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, j {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, h, ng ({{IPA|/ŋ/}}), ny {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, m, n, s {{IPA|/s/}}, w, l, r {{IPA|/r~ɾ/}}, and y {{IPA|/j/}}.
Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f/v {{IPA|/f/}} → p, sy {{IPA|/ʃ/}} → s, z {{IPA|/z/}} → j, and kh {{IPA|/x/}} → h.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

Epenthetic semivowels {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} are inserted after a high vowel immediately followed by another vowel, as in the words:
* kuéh – {{IPA|/ku'''w'''ɛh/}}
* muih – {{IPA|/mu'''w'''ih/}}
* béar – {{IPA|/be'''j'''ar/}}
* miang – {{IPA|/mi'''j'''aŋ/}}
* euweuh – {{IPA|/ɜ'''w'''ɜh/}}